1a. Challanges To Restored Order 30-47 Flashcards
What was banned in Piedmont because it was deemed too revolutionary
Beards and long hair
What laws were repealed in Piedmont when French rule fell apart
Code Napoleon and laws such as free trails
What did the church control across the peninsula
Education
Why were the middle class frustrated after the restoration of old rulers in 1815
Middle class lost jobs and old nobles took them
What states were directly controlled by Austria
Lombardy and Venetia/ Austrian officials who acted in the name of the emperor
What fraction of Austrias revenue came from Lombardy and Venetia
1/4
What were some conditions in Lombardy and Venetia that caused discontent
Heavy taxation and conscription/ language of administration was German/ only Austria judges, civil servants and police
Who was the Papal States run by in 1830
Pope pics VII
What were some conditions in the Papal States in 1830
Austrian troops to protect Pope and conservatism/ censorship/ economically poor/ pre-industrial and feudal system/ Pope would not allow new technology as it could spread new ideas
Who were the two Sicilies run by
Ferdinand I
What were the languages of the two sicilies
Greek/ Arabic and Spanish
What was the wrong with the two sicilies
Corrupt government and censorship
What were the satellite states of Austria (central duchies)
Modena, Parma and Tuscany
Who were the central duchies run by
Duke and duchesses
Who ruled Modena
Duke Francis IV who hated all liberals
Who ruled Modena
Ferdinand II
What did Ferdinand II do that was good in Tuscany
Improved education/ expanded healthy facilities/ spent more on girls education/ allowed freedom of expression (journals)
What were the barriers to unification after 1815
Austria/ Catholic Church/ political apathy/ language/ great powers
How was Austria a barrier to unification after 1815
Direct control of L+V/ family networks and military dependance/ Dukes of Tuscany, Modena and P-S king were cousins to Austrian emperor/ Naples and Tuscany direct alliance/ papal ministers
The Papal States were not Austrian satellites but still had Austrian influence how
Austrian minister in each court/ troops in states to protect pope
What was the alliance between Austria and Naples and Tuscany
Not alter forms of government without consolation
How was the Catholic Church a barrier to unification after they regained influence in 1815
Stiffened economic, educational and political growth/ church exaggerated north south divide/ preached conservatism/ inquisition scared unification groups/ relied on a Austrian troops for support so did wasn’t to loose that
How did the church exacerbate the north south divide
Because pope was against tech that brought in new wealth
How was political athapy a barrier to unification after 1815
Lack of political interest/ everyday living more important/ widespread illiteracy, poverty and superstition
What did patriotism mean in 1830 Italy
Loyalty to state not Italy
How was language a barrier to unification after 1815
Differed between states and hindered communication/ different dialects in different regions often incomprehensible from different areas
What was the language in Piedmont-Sardinia vs Papal States
Piedmont = French
Papal States = Latin
How were the great powers a barrier to unification after 1815
Would not help Italy/ had drawn up 1815 settlement/ were not interested in injustices of rulers/ Russia and Prussia Holy Alliance
What was the Russia and Prussia Holy Alliance of 1815
United against anything revolutionary
How were the 1830 Italian Revolutions inspired by events in France
Revolution in France 1830 and Charles X abdication/ replaced with Louis-Phillipe who was more liberal/ hoped he would support liberal revolutionaries in Italy so disturbances broke out
Where were the 1830 revolutions
Papal States/ Modena and Parma
Why did Revolution break out in the Papal States in 1830
Rebelled against church not for unification/ wanted constitution
What type of people revolted in the Papal States in 1830
Professional classes who hated the church
A provisional government was set up in 1831 In Bologna (Papal states) called the
“The Government of the Italian provinces”
Who caused the revolution in Modena 1830
Enrico Misley
What happened in Modena revolution 1830
Enrico Misley told Duke Francis IV he wanted unified Italy with him as king free from Austria/ Francis arrested him and went to get Austria help in case of rebellion/ in his absence revolutionaries took over Modena and set up provisional government
Why did revolution break out in Parma 1830 and what happened
Encouraged by students in Modena, Parma students rioted and demanded constitution from Marie Louise who fled/ provisional gov set up
How was the 1830 revolutions in Parma and Modena put down
Duke Francis returned with Austrian army/ revolutionaries exiled or executed
What were the motivations for the revolutions 1830
Papal States- rebel against church
Modena- unification
Parma- constitution
How was there cooperation between Parma and Modena in 1830 revolutions
Parma made contact with Modena and a joint army commander appointed
Why did the 1830 revolutions fail
Localized/ Austria/ lacked popular support/ ill equipped/ French failure
Why did the 1830 revolutions fail because of Austrian power
Wouldn’t hesitate to put down revolutions/ by 1831 5/6 rulers had called Australian troops to help them (except P-S)
Why did the 1830 revolutions fail because of lack of popular support
No support from peasants/ narrow social base of revolutionaries who were moderates/ would have been horrified by prospect of ordinary people playing a role in politics
Why did the 1830 revolutions fail because of Ill equipment
Even with army and militia men/ no match for Austria/ those in Papal States fighting with hunting guns and pikes
Why did the 1830 revolutions fail because of French failure to intervene
Erinco Misley hoped for French support/ in 1820s and 1830s no French intervention/ Louise Phillipes ministers announcement 1831
What did Louis Phillipes minister announce in 1831
“We do not recognize the right of any people to force us to fight in its cause. The blood of the frenchman belongs to France alone”
Where were the 1820-21 revolutions
Naples, Sicily and Piedmont
Why were there uprisings in 1820-21
Dissatisfaction with local rulers/ local issues/ challenged legitimacy of restored rulers but did not go as far as to challenge Austria nor demand change on a national basis
Define nationalism
Same race, language, culture and tradition should be an independent nation
Define liberalism
Representative assembly or parliament elected by property owners
Define radicalism
All men should elect an assembly not just rich (except women and peasants)/ democratic assembly
What differed between liberals, nationalists and radicals
Nationalists- some favored monarchy and some republics/ disagreement over how much of the peninsula should be unified
Liberals- constitutional monarchy and non violent
Radicals- no monarchy and violent
What did Austria want the geography of Italy to be
Divided peninsula under absolutist rulers so it was easier to control
How was it relatively easy for Austria to defeat rebellions 1820-1830
Most peasants were apathetic and education Italians only had localized loyalties
What are 4 national societies
Carbonari, federati and Aldelfi, Black pins
Where were the Carbonari concentrated
South
How many members did the carbonari have in Naples
6000 (5% adult male population)
What did the carbonari want
Constitution/ rejection of absolutism and more rights for people
What were all societies
Anti Austrian
Where did the carbonari spread to from Napels
Papal States and Piedmont
Where were the Federati and Aldelfi concentrated
North
Why does the geography of the Federati and Aldelfi explain why getting Austria out was their biggest concern
They were in the north
What did the Federati and Aldelfi want
Constitutional government
What were the Federati and Aldelfi like compared to the Carbonari
More moderate but no less anti Austrian
Where were the Black pins
Papal States
What were the Black pins against
Oppressive papal rule
What did the black pins want
More liberal ideas
What type of people were members of secret societies
Education middle class (doctors, lawyers and teachers)/ believed Liberty could be achieved through political change either with the removal of Austria or through revolution against restorer monarchies
Why were secret societies weak
Unprepared to work together and lacked organized/ small and scattered in small groups
What is mostly the only significance of secret societies towards national unity
After 1815, kept ideas of political reform alive even though change did not necessarily happen as a result of their activities
What were the social and economic problems in Italy in the 1840’s
Social divides wealthy and poor classes/ lack of education/ north much richer/ agriculture still dominated south/ terrible conditions in cities/ constitutional change was not important to peasants
What impact did the Risorgimento have on the middle class
Provoked to have a sense of patriotism and anti-Austrian feel/ inspired others to want Liberty
Why did the Risorgimento have no significant overall impact
Gave no clear program for Italy’s independence/ writers had limited impact to middle and upper class intellectuals/ faint stirring on national sentiment; whisper of coming movement
What was the Risorgimento
19th century movement for Italian unification; ideological and literacy movement that helped to arouse the national consciousness of Italian people
What were the impacts of the Risorgimento
Encouraging speaking Italian/ congress of science 1839-47 / patriotic music/ Cultural Italy of Italy 1775
When did the congress of science run to
1839-47
What was the significance of the congress of science
Creation of national rather than regional organization/ held meetings in many parts of Italy/ members from all over/ used Italian at meetings (Tuscan Italian)/ many future hero’s of nationalism attended
The congress of science provided a nursery for….
Moderate nationalistic opinion
What did the congress of science celebrate in 1846
The victory of the Italian arms over Austrians in 1746
What was the journal started in Lombardy in 1816 and what did it do
Bibliotheca/ encouraged the use of Italian and raised issues of common language and culture
What was a journal in Tuscany and what did it do
Antologia/ spread national identity
What was the point of journals
To raise consciousness of common culture and language amongst the middle class
Who wrote the “revolutions of Italy” in 1770
Carlo Denina
What was in “the revolutions of Italy”
Denina wrote of italy as a whole rather than just Venetia or Piedmont
In what book was the term Risorgimento first used
S. Bettinell “cultural history of Italy” 1775
Who was Giuseppe Verdi
Composer
What was the significance of Verdi’s “The chorus of the Hebrew slaves”
Drew paralles between the enslavement of the isrealites and the oppression of Italians
How did Verdi show significance
Such was the impact of nationalistic opinion, that at times of tension performances of his work would cause outbursts of violence between Italian patriots and Austrian officers
Why is Verdi’s significance limited
He only represented cultural expression of the Milanese nationalistic middle class/ his interpretation want the typical view of those in Italy or even in Lombardy
Why was Italy having a fragmented language significant in hindering unification
Language is at the heart of cultural identity
