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GCSE biology > 3a - Reproduction > Flashcards

3a - Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of fertilisation?

A

The fusion of Gamete nuclei

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2
Q

How many chromosomes in a gamete ?

A

23

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3
Q

What does a zygote have?

A
  • 46 chromosomes (half from each parent)

- diploid nucleus

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4
Q

What are advantages to sexual reproduction?

A
  • increases genetic variation
  • species can adapt to new environments
  • disease is less likely to have effect
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5
Q

What are disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

A
  • takes time and energy to find mates

- difficult for those isolated to reproduce

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6
Q

What are advantages to Asexual reproduction?

A
  • rapid population increase

- more time + energy efficient

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7
Q

What are disadvantages to Asexual reproduction?

A
  • limited genetic variation

- population vulnerable to disease + change in conditions

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8
Q

What is the function of the sepal ?

A

Protects unopened flower

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9
Q

What is the function of the petals ?

A

Brightly coloured to attract insects

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10
Q

What is the function of the anther ?

A

Produces and releases pollen

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11
Q

What is the function of the stigma ?

A

Collects pollen grains

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12
Q

What is the function of the ovary (plants) ?

A

Produces the female sex cell

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13
Q

What is the function of the ovule ?

A

Contains the female sex cells

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14
Q

What is the male sex cell in a plant ?

A

Pollen

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15
Q

What is the male part of the flower and what does it contain?

A

Stamen - contains anther + filament

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16
Q

What is the female part of the flower and what does it contain?

A

Carpel- contains stigma, style + ovary

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17
Q

What are the conditions required for germination?

A

moisture, oxygen, warmth

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18
Q

Describe insect pollination

A
  • anthers from a flower deposit pollen onto the insect

- the insect then deposits that pollen onto the stigma of another flower

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19
Q

Describe wind pollination

A
  • when ripe, the anthers open + shed pollen into air

- the pollen is blown by wind onto a flower

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20
Q

What are features of insect pollinated flowers?

A
  • large bright coloured petals
  • stigma + anther INSIDE flower
  • larger sticky pollen grains
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21
Q

What are features of wind pollinated flowers?

A
  • small dull petals
  • anther + stigma OUTSIDE flower
  • small light pollen grains
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22
Q

When does cross pollination occur?

A

When pollen from one plant is transferred to the stigma of another plant of the same species

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23
Q

What is self pollination?

A

When pollen from a flower lands on its own stigma or another flower on the same plant.

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24
Q

What does self pollination reduce?

A

The genetic variation of offspring

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25
Q

Describe the role of a pollen tube during fertilisation in a plant

A
  • the nucleus inside the pollen grain moves down the tube as the tube grows down the style towards the ovary
  • pollen nucleus fuses with ovum nucleus = fertilisation
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26
Q

What is germination ?

A

The start of growth in the seed

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27
Q

What does a seed contain?

A

The zygote which divides into cells which develop into the embryo plant

28
Q

What structure surrounds an embryo (plants) ?

A

Cotyledons

29
Q

What does the cotyledon contain ?

A

Food reserves which provide the seed with energy for germination

30
Q

How long do the cotyledons provide for?

A

Until the plant can make its own food via photosynthesis

31
Q

When does the seed coat (testa) split?

A

After taking in water

32
Q

What happens when the seed coat (testa) splits?

A

The production of the plumule + radicle

33
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland ?

A

Produces semen, which provides sperm cells with nutrients

34
Q

What is the function of the prostate sperm duct?

A

Sperm passes through it to be mixed with other gland fluids

35
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Tube that carries out urine + semen

36
Q

What is the function of the testis?

A

Produces sperm + testosterone

37
Q

What is the function of the scrotum ?

A

Ensures sperm are kept at the right temperature

38
Q

What is the function of the oviduct?

A
  • connects ovary to the uterus

- lined with ciliated cells to push ovum down it

39
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Contains female gametes

40
Q

What is the function of the uterus ?

A

Has soft lining for a foetus to develop

41
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Ring of muscle at uterus end to keep the foetus in place during pregnancy

42
Q

What are the features of a sperm cell ?

A
  • flagellum (tail)
  • many mitochondria
  • enzymes
43
Q

What are the features of an egg cell? (humans)

A
  • cytoplasm to provide energy

- jelly like coating

44
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Ensures materials can be exchanged between the blood of the mother + foetus

45
Q

What is the function of the umbilical cord?

A

Joins the embryo’s blood supply to the placenta for exchange of materials

46
Q

What is the function of Amniotic fluid?

A

protects the embryo during development by cushioning it from bumps

47
Q

What does the mothers blood absorb?

A

The baby’s waste products eg CO2 + urea

48
Q

How do most molecules move across the placenta ?

A

By diffusion

49
Q

What does the placenta prevent?

A

Toxins and pathogens getting into the foetus’ blood

50
Q

How is the placenta adapted for diffusion?

A
  • large surface area
  • Villi which increase the surface area
  • rich supply of maternal blood vessels.
51
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics controlled by in females + males?

A

Females - oestrogen

Males - Testosterone

52
Q

What are the effects of oestrogen in women?

A
  • breasts develop
  • menstrual cycle
  • body hair
53
Q

What are the effects of testosterone in men?

A
  • facial + body hair grows
  • voice breaks
  • muscles develops
  • testes start to produce sperm
54
Q

When does ovulation occur?

A

About halfway through the menstrual cycle (day14)

55
Q

What is menstruation caused by?

A

The breakdown of the lining of the uterus

56
Q

What releases FSH?

A

Pituitary gland

57
Q

What releases LH and when?

A

Pituitary gland when oestrogen levels have reached their peak

58
Q

What does FSH cause?

A
  • causes egg to start maturing in the ovary

- stimulates the ovaries to release oestrogen

59
Q

What does LH cause?

A

Ovulation + stimulates the ovary to produce progesterone

60
Q

When does progesterone start to rise?

A

After ovulation (day 14 onwards)

61
Q

Why does progesterone start to rise?

A

To cause the uterus lining to thicken further

62
Q

What happens when progesterone levels fall?

A

Uterus lining breaks down (menstruation)

63
Q

When do oestrogen levels rise?

A

From day 1-14(peak)

64
Q

What does the rise of oestrogen cause?

A
  • uterus lining thickens

- egg matures

65
Q

What does oestrogen do after ovulation ?

A

inhibits FSH + LH production

66
Q

What hormones does the ovary produce?

A

Oestrogen + progesterone

GCSE biology (16 decks)

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