2h - Human transport + immunity Flashcards
What are the four main components of blood?
- Plasma
- platelets
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
How are red blood cells adapted to their function?
- Biconcave shape
- no nucleus
- contain haemoglobin
What is the function of red blood cells
To transport oxygen from the lungs to the body
What do platelets release at a wound site?
Clotting factors
Which enzyme is activated by the clotting factors
Thrombin
What is the function of thrombin
Catalyses the conversion of the soluble fibrinogen into fibrin
What is the function of fibrin
Binds together platelets and blood cells to form a blood clot
What are the three different types of blood vessel
Arteries veins and capillaries
What is the function of the arteries
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body organs
What is the function of the veins
Carry deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart
What is the blood pressure in the arteries like
High pressure
What is the blood pressure in the veins like
Low pressure
What is in the walls of the arteries
Elastic tissue and thick muscle
Are the walls and veins thick or thin
Thin
Do veins contain lots of elastic tissue and muscle, or only a bit
Only a bit
Do veins have a large or small lumen
Large
What do veins contain which prevent the back flow
Valves
What is the function of capillaries
- Carry blood close to every cell in the organs
- transfer substances between the cells
- supply food and oxygen and takeaway waste
What are the properties of capillaries
- Very tiny
- thin walls
What are the two main types of circulatory systems
Single and double
What is a single circulatory system
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ and then directly to the rest of the body
What is a double circulatory system
Blood is pumped from the heart to the gas exchange organ back to the heart and then to the rest of the body
What is a double circulatory system made up of
Pulmonary and systemic
is pulmonary oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood
What is systemic
Oxygenated blood
Why is it important to have a double circulatory system
- Keeps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate
- prevents damage
- pumps blood more quickly
Why do multicellular organisms need to have a circulatory system
Has less surface area available for substances to diffuse quickly enough to meet cell requirements
What is phagocytosis
When phagocytes detect pathogens and ingest them
What is the function of the lymphocytes
- Destroys pathogen by developing memory cells
- detecting antigens on the surface of pathogen
Are phagocytes specific or non-specific
Non-specific
Are lymphocytes specific or non-specific
Specific
What are the four different types of immunity
- Active
- passive
- natural
- artificial
Which is faster the primary or secondary immune response
Secondary
Is active immunity long-term or short-term
Long term
Is passive immunity long-term or short-term
Short term
What is an example of artificial immunity
Vaccination
Pulmonary =
Lungs
Hepatic =
Liver
Renal =
Kidneys
What is plaque made up from?
A build up of cholesterol and white blood cells
What happens if a coronary artery becomes blocked with plaque?
It loses its elasticity and the flow of blood through the arteries is reduced
What does a partial artery blockage cause?
Angina
What does a complete artery blockage cause?
Heart attack
What are venules?
Narrow vessels which connect capillaries to veins
What are arterioles?
Narrow vessels which connect arteries to capillaries
Whats the function of the semi lunar valves?
Stops the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles
What’s the function of plasma?
- carries blood cells around the body
- carries co2 + urea + nutrients + hormones
- distributes heat in body
