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GCSE biology > 2i + j - Excretion + Co-ordination > Flashcards

2i + j - Excretion + Co-ordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some examples of metabolic wastes?

A
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Urea
  • Water
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2
Q

Why are waste products dangerous?

A
  • can have toxic effects
  • body fluids can become more concentrated
  • enzyme activity can decrease
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3
Q

What are the waste products in plants?

A
  • oxygen
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
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4
Q

What are the excretory organs in humans?

A
  • kidneys
  • lungs
  • skin
  • liver
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5
Q

What do kidneys excrete?

A
  • Water
  • mineral ions
  • urea
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6
Q

What does the skin excrete?

A
  • water

- mineral ions

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7
Q

What are the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • to filter waste products from the blood and expel it from the body as urine
  • osmoregulation
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8
Q

What is the function of the urethra ?

A

carries urine from the bladder to outside the body

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9
Q

What is the function of the renal artery?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood to the kidney

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10
Q

What is the function of the renal vein

A

Delivers the deoxygenated blood from the kidney to the vena cava

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11
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A
  • regulate the water content of the blood

- excrete toxic waste products

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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis

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13
Q

Describe ultrafiltration

A
  • smaller molecules in the blood are forced out of capillaries into the bowman’s capsule
  • filtrate is formed
  • some useful substances are reabsorbed back into the blood further down the nephron
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14
Q

Where is water reabsorbed at?

A

Loop of henlé and collecting duct

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15
Q

Where are salts reabsorbed at?

A

Loop of henlé

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16
Q

Where does selective reabsorption of glucose occur at?

A

In the Proximal convoluted tubule by active transport

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17
Q

How is a nephron adapted for reabsorption?

A

mitochondria to provide energy for active transport

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18
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process of maintaining water and salt concentration in the body

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19
Q

What happens to a cell if there is too much water?

A

Cells swell and burst (lysis)

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20
Q

What happens to a cell if there isn’t enough water?

A

Cell Dehydration and death

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21
Q

What does ADH control ?

A

The water content of the blood

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22
Q

Where is ADH released?

A

Pituitary gland

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23
Q

What happens if water content of blood is too high?

A
  • less ADH is released by pituitary gland
  • tubules become less permeable
  • less water is reabsorbed
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24
Q

What happens if the water content of blood is too low?

A
  • more ADH is released by pituitary gland
  • tubules become more permeable
  • more water is reabsorbed
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25
Q

What does homeostasis control?

A

Water, temperature, pH

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26
Q

Give two examples of homeostasis in humans?

A
  • control of body temperature and water content
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27
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The widening of blood vessels at the skin surface to increase heat loss

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28
Q

What is vasodilation a response to?

A

Being too HOT

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29
Q

What happens to the arterioles during vasodilation?

A

Get wider

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30
Q

What are two examples of vasodilation?

A

Sweating + flattening of hairs

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31
Q

Describe how sweating cools the skin

A

By evaporation which uses up heat energy to convert liquid into vapour

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32
Q

What is vasoconstriction a response to?

A

Being too COLD

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33
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of blood vessels at the skin surface to reduce heat loss

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34
Q

What happens to arterioles during vasoconstriction?

A

Get narrower

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35
Q

What are two examples of vasoconstriction?

A

Shivering + erection of Hairs

36
Q

Describe shivering

A
  • involuntary muscle contractions require energy from respiration
  • respiration releases heat to warm body
37
Q

Describe erection of hairs

A

Trapped air between hairs stops heat loss by radiation

38
Q

What happens if the water content of blood falls below a certain level?

A

Blood is too concentrated

39
Q

What happens if water content of blood rises above a certain level?

A

Blood is too dilute

40
Q

How is water reabsorbed in kidneys?

A

Filtrate passes through the tubules, where water is reabsorbed

41
Q

If the water content of the blood is too high, how much water is reabsorbed?

A

Less water

42
Q

If the water content of the blood is too low, how much water is reabsorbed?

A

More water

43
Q

What does the hypothalamus detect ?

A

Water level

44
Q

What is a plants response to light?

A

Phototropism

45
Q

What is a plants response to gravity?

A

Geotropism

46
Q

When is it a positive tropism ?

A

If the growth is towards the stimulus

47
Q

When is it a negative tropism?

A

If the growth is away from the stimulus

48
Q

What happens as shoots grow upwards?

A

positive phototropic response + negative geotropic response

49
Q

What happens as roots grow downwards Into the soil?

A

negative phototropic response + positive geotropic response

50
Q

What are auxins ?

A

Plant growth regulators which coordinate and control tropisms

51
Q

Where are auxins produced?

A

In the tips of shoots and the roots

52
Q

What do auxins do in the shoots?

A

Promote cell elongation (more growth)

53
Q

What do auxins do in the roots?

A

Inhibit cell elongation (less growth)

54
Q

If a shoot/root is placed on its side, where will auxins be?

A

Along the lower side due to gravity

55
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) ?

A

The brain and spinal chord

56
Q

How do dendrites help electrical impulses travel faster?

A

Neurones can connect to each-other, forming a easy communication network

57
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Carry impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

58
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Connect sensory and motor neurones (found inside CNS)

59
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to effectors

60
Q

Describe the pathway through the nervous system

A

Stimulus —> sensory neurones —> relay neurone —> motor neurone —> effector —> response

61
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The small gap between neurones

62
Q

How does the electrical signal pass the synaptic cleft?

A

It is converted to a chemical signal briefly

63
Q

What two types of receptor cells does the retina of an eye contain?

A

Cones and Rods

64
Q

What are rods sensitive to?

A

Light

65
Q

What are cones sensitive to?

A

Colour

66
Q

What is the function of the cornea ?

A

Transparent lens that refracts light

67
Q

What is the function of the iris ?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

68
Q

What is the function of the lens ?

A

Changes shape to focus light onto retina

69
Q

What is the function of the retina ?

A

Contains receptor cells (rods + cones)

70
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve ?

A

Sensory neurone that carries impulses between the eye and brain

71
Q

What is the function of the pupil ?

A

Hole that allows light to enter the eye

72
Q

What is the function of the ciliary muscle ?

A

changes the shape of the lens

73
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligaments?

A

Connect the ciliary muscle to the lens

74
Q

What is the function of the sclera ?

A

Strong outer wall of eyeball which keeps the eye in shape

75
Q

What is the function of the fovea ?

A

Region of the retina with the highest density of cones

76
Q

What happens in the eye when an object is close?

A
  • ciliary muscles CONTRACT
  • suspensory ligaments LOOSEN
  • lens becomes FATTER
  • light is refracted MORE
77
Q

What Happens in the eye when an object is far away?

A
  • ciliary muscles RELAX
  • suspensory ligaments TIGHTEN
  • lens becomes THINNER
  • light is refracted LESS
78
Q

In dim light what happens to the pupil?

A

Pupil dilates (widens) to allow lots of light

79
Q

In bright light what happens to the pupil?

A

pupil constricts (narrows) to prevent too much light entering the eye and damaging the retina

80
Q

What happens to the eye muscles in dim light?

A
  • radial muscles CONTRACT
  • circular muscles RELAX
  • MORE light enters eye
81
Q

What happens to the eye muscles in bright light?

A
  • radial muscles RELAX
  • circular muscles CONTRACT
  • LESS light enters eye
82
Q

What does thyroid produce?

A

Thyroxine which controls metabolic rates + growth

83
Q

What does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin

84
Q

What do adrenal glands produce?

A

Adrenaline

85
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A
  • prepares the body for a “flight or fight” response in danger
  • increases breathing + heart rate

GCSE biology (16 decks)

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