3.7a measures of development

Question 1

economic - single wealth indicators

Answer 1

GNI
the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year, plus all the net income earned by that country and its population from overseas sources

GDP
the total value of everything produced by all the people an companies in a country

(China’s GDP per capita increased 14 times from 1990 to 2015)

both are good to make comparisons as they are usually expressed in $US and sometimes at purchasing power parity

Question 2

social

Answer 2

hard to quantify freedom of speech, the impact of corruption etc.

GENDER INEQUALITY INDEX

• reproductive health
• empowerment
• labour force participation rate

in 2015, UK ranked 14th and Pakistan was 147th

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
rank countries according to the quality of life of their citizens
Health, education, living standards

Health - life expectancy at birth
Education - mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling
Living standards, GNI per capita

in 2014, Norway was 1st - 0.944
Niger was last - 0.337

Question 3

environmental

Answer 3

AIR POLLUTION
usually improves as economic and social development occur
the transition from industrial to post-industrial forms of economic activity

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE INDEX
Bangladesh is in last place with a score of 9
ranked Italy highly with a score of 98

Question 4

economic - composite economic measures

Answer 4

ECONOMIC SECTOR BALANCE
the % contribution of primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary sectors in GNI

primary sector value in Malawi is 30% and 0.6% in the UK

Question 5

limitations of economic measures

Answer 5

• the average figure conceals vast inequalities within countries

in China’s coastal cities, per capita incomes are over $10,000
and under $2,000 in rural West China