36. Vitamins Flashcards by Giorgia Tanner

What is needed to absorb fat soluble vitamins?

Functioning pancreas
Intestinal cells
Bile salts

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What are the functions of vitamin A?

Essential to vision
Anti-oxidant
Lipid peroxidation
Healthy linings of the eyes and respiratory, urinary and intestinal tracts
Cell differentiation

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What are the functions of vitamin D?

Calcium homeostasis
Mobilisation of calcium
Regulation of bone metabolism
Regulation of gene expression

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How is cholesterol converted to calcitriol?

Sunlight converts cholesterol to cholecalciferol
Liver microsomes convert to calcidiol
Kidney converts to calcitriol

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What is the active form of vitamin E?

Alpha tocopherol

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What are the functions of vitamin E?

Free radical scavenger
Protects PUFAs from peroxidation
Decreases oxidation of LDL
Affects cholesterol metabolism

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What are the functions of vitamin K?

Coagulation cascade

Carboxylation of bone protein, osteocalcin

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What is primary deficiency of vitamin A?

Prolonged dietary deprivaton

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What is secondary deficiency of vitamin A?

Inadequate conversion to active form

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What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
Keratomalacia (softening of cornea)
Bitot's spots (grey spots in cornea)
Dermatological problems
Impairment of immune system

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What are the causes of a vitamin D deficiency?

Impaired availability
Impaired hydroxylation in liver
Impaired kidney production of calcitriol

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What are the results of vitamin D deficiency?

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

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What are the causes of a vitamin E deficiency?

Severe malnutrition
Fat metabolism disorders
Carrier protein or lipoprotein defects

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What are the symptoms of a vitamin E deficiency?

Skeletal muscle pain
Degenerative neurological problems
Haemolytic anaemia

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What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

Common in newborns
Long-term antibiotic use
High doses of vitamin A and E

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What are the symptoms of a vitamin K deficiency?

Easy bruising
Mucosal bleeding
Splinter haemorrhages
Black, tar-like stool

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What happens as a result of vitamin D hypervitaminosis?

Calcium deposits in tissues, joints, lungs, brain, kidney

Muscle weakness

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What happens as a result of acute vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Vomiting, vertigo, blurry vision

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What happens as a result of chronic vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Hyperlipidaemia, hepatotoxicity

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What happens as a result of teratogenic vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Spontaneous loss of foetus

What happens as a result of vitamin E hypervitaminosis?

Fatigue, headache, impaired blood coagulation

What is the other name for vitamin B1?

Thiamine

What is the other name for vitamin B2?

Riboflavin

What is the other name for vitamin B3?

Niacin

What is the other name for vitamin B5?

Pantothenic acid

What is the other name for vitamin B6?

Pyroxidine

What is the other name for vitamin B7?

Biotin

What is the other name for vitamin B9?

Folate

What is the other name for vitamin B12?

Cobalamin

What is the function of thiamine?

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in Kreb's cycle

What is the function of riboflavin?

Constituent of riboflavin 5'-phosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide

What is the function of niacin?

Forms coenzymes NAD and NADP

What is the function of pantothenic acid?

Synthesises CoA | Metabolism of carbs, fat and protein

What is the function of pyroxidine?

Synthesis and catabolism of amino acids | Cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase

What is the function of biotin?

Attached at active site of carboxylases

What is the function of folate?

Coenzyme in single carbon transfer reactions Biological methylation reactions Makes methionine from homocysteine

What is the function of cobalamin?

Cofactor for methionine synthase | Synthesis of succinyl CoA

What are the functions of vitamin C?

``` Antioxidant Synthesis of succinyl CoA Cofactor for carnitine synthesis Cofactor for serotonin and norepinephrine synthesis Enhances iron absorption ```

B1 deficiency

Berberi Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alcoholics

B2 deficiency

``` Cheliosis (inflammation of the lips) Angular stomatitis Magenta tongue Dry, scaly skin Decreased RBCs ```

B3 deficiency

Slow metabolism | Pellegra

B5 deficiency

Numbness Tingling in hands and feet Vomiting and fatigue

B6 deficiency

``` Dermatitis Glossitis Convulsions Microcytic hypochromic anaemia Alcoholics ```

B7 deficiency

Scaly red rash around eyes, nose, mouth, genitals Depression Numbness and tingling in extremities Defects in metabolism of fatty acid chains

B9 deficiency

Megaloblastic anaemia Increased plasma homocysteine Hypersegmented neutrophils Low birth weight and neural tube defects

B12 deficiency

Increased homocysteine Megaloblastic anaemia Dehydration and nerve cell death Skin hypersensitivity

Vitamin C deficiency

``` Scurvy Weakness and joint swelling Superficial bleeding Depression Vasomotor instability ```

What happens with excess vitamin C?

Diarrhoea Abdominal bloating Risk of calcium oxalate stones Cardiac arrhythmias