36. Vitamins

Question 1

What is needed to absorb fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 1

Functioning pancreas
Intestinal cells
Bile salts

Question 2

What are the functions of vitamin A?

Answer 2

Essential to vision
Anti-oxidant
Lipid peroxidation
Healthy linings of the eyes and respiratory, urinary and intestinal tracts
Cell differentiation

Question 3

What are the functions of vitamin D?

Answer 3

Calcium homeostasis
Mobilisation of calcium
Regulation of bone metabolism
Regulation of gene expression

Question 4

How is cholesterol converted to calcitriol?

Answer 4

Sunlight converts cholesterol to cholecalciferol
Liver microsomes convert to calcidiol
Kidney converts to calcitriol

Question 5

What is the active form of vitamin E?

Answer 5

Alpha tocopherol

Question 6

What are the functions of vitamin E?

Answer 6

Free radical scavenger
Protects PUFAs from peroxidation
Decreases oxidation of LDL
Affects cholesterol metabolism

Question 7

What are the functions of vitamin K?

Answer 7

Coagulation cascade

Carboxylation of bone protein, osteocalcin

Question 8

What is primary deficiency of vitamin A?

Answer 8

Prolonged dietary deprivaton

Question 9

What is secondary deficiency of vitamin A?

Answer 9

Inadequate conversion to active form

Question 10

What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 10

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
Keratomalacia (softening of cornea)
Bitot's spots (grey spots in cornea)
Dermatological problems
Impairment of immune system

Question 11

What are the causes of a vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 11

Impaired availability
Impaired hydroxylation in liver
Impaired kidney production of calcitriol

Question 12

What are the results of vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 12

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteoporosis

Question 13

What are the causes of a vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 13

Severe malnutrition
Fat metabolism disorders
Carrier protein or lipoprotein defects

Question 14

What are the symptoms of a vitamin E deficiency?

Answer 14

Skeletal muscle pain
Degenerative neurological problems
Haemolytic anaemia

Question 15

What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 15

Common in newborns
Long-term antibiotic use
High doses of vitamin A and E

Question 16

What are the symptoms of a vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 16

Easy bruising
Mucosal bleeding
Splinter haemorrhages
Black, tar-like stool

Question 17

What happens as a result of vitamin D hypervitaminosis?

Answer 17

Calcium deposits in tissues, joints, lungs, brain, kidney

Muscle weakness

Question 18

What happens as a result of acute vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Answer 18

Vomiting, vertigo, blurry vision

Question 19

What happens as a result of chronic vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Answer 19

Hyperlipidaemia, hepatotoxicity

Question 20

What happens as a result of teratogenic vitamin A hypervitaminosis?

Answer 20

Spontaneous loss of foetus

Question 21

What happens as a result of vitamin E hypervitaminosis?

Answer 21

Fatigue, headache, impaired blood coagulation

Question 22

What is the other name for vitamin B1?

Answer 22

Thiamine

Question 23

What is the other name for vitamin B2?

Answer 23

Riboflavin

Question 24

What is the other name for vitamin B3?

Answer 24

Niacin

Question 25

What is the other name for vitamin B5?

Answer 25

Pantothenic acid

Question 26

What is the other name for vitamin B6?

Answer 26

Pyroxidine

Question 27

What is the other name for vitamin B7?

Answer 27

Biotin

Question 28

What is the other name for vitamin B9?

Answer 28

Folate

Question 29

What is the other name for vitamin B12?

Answer 29

Cobalamin

Question 30

What is the function of thiamine?

Answer 30

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in Kreb's cycle

Question 31

What is the function of riboflavin?

Answer 31

Constituent of riboflavin 5'-phosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 32

What is the function of niacin?

Answer 32

Forms coenzymes NAD and NADP

Question 33

What is the function of pantothenic acid?

Answer 33

Synthesises CoA | Metabolism of carbs, fat and protein

Question 34

What is the function of pyroxidine?

Answer 34

Synthesis and catabolism of amino acids | Cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase

Question 35

What is the function of biotin?

Answer 35

Attached at active site of carboxylases

Question 36

What is the function of folate?

Answer 36

Coenzyme in single carbon transfer reactions Biological methylation reactions Makes methionine from homocysteine

Question 37

What is the function of cobalamin?

Answer 37

Cofactor for methionine synthase | Synthesis of succinyl CoA

Question 38

What are the functions of vitamin C?

Answer 38

``` Antioxidant Synthesis of succinyl CoA Cofactor for carnitine synthesis Cofactor for serotonin and norepinephrine synthesis Enhances iron absorption ```

Question 39

B1 deficiency

Answer 39

Berberi Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alcoholics

Question 40

B2 deficiency

Answer 40

``` Cheliosis (inflammation of the lips) Angular stomatitis Magenta tongue Dry, scaly skin Decreased RBCs ```

Question 41

B3 deficiency

Answer 41

Slow metabolism | Pellegra

Question 42

B5 deficiency

Answer 42

Numbness Tingling in hands and feet Vomiting and fatigue

Question 43

B6 deficiency

Answer 43

``` Dermatitis Glossitis Convulsions Microcytic hypochromic anaemia Alcoholics ```

Question 44

B7 deficiency

Answer 44

Scaly red rash around eyes, nose, mouth, genitals Depression Numbness and tingling in extremities Defects in metabolism of fatty acid chains

Question 45

B9 deficiency

Answer 45

Megaloblastic anaemia Increased plasma homocysteine Hypersegmented neutrophils Low birth weight and neural tube defects

Question 46

B12 deficiency

Answer 46

Increased homocysteine Megaloblastic anaemia Dehydration and nerve cell death Skin hypersensitivity

Question 47

Vitamin C deficiency

Answer 47

``` Scurvy Weakness and joint swelling Superficial bleeding Depression Vasomotor instability ```

Question 48

What happens with excess vitamin C?

Answer 48

Diarrhoea Abdominal bloating Risk of calcium oxalate stones Cardiac arrhythmias