3.4.3 The Changing Demand for Energy Flashcards
• Changing global patterns of energy demand • Economic factors influencing the demand for energy • Demographic and social factors influencing the demand for energy • Technological factors influencing the demand for energy
1
Q
Why is energy use by country changing?
A
- HICs have a high demand (e.g. USA, Western Europe, Japan)
- Countries with a low population have a low demand (e.g. African countries, Russia, Canada)
- NEEs have large secondary industries (e.g. China, India)
2
Q
What is the energy consumption per person in HICs?
A
- Canada used 200,000kWh and USA used 100,000kWh per person in 2022
- Citizens use lots of energy through high car ownership and using appliances (e.g. dishwasher)
- Canada has extremes of climate
- Have well developed industry
- Connectivity to electricity is nearly 100%
- Oil rich countries require energy for extraction (e.g. Qatar and UAE both use 200,000kWh per person)
3
Q
What is the energy consumption per person in NEEs?
A
- China used 50,000kWh and Brazil used 20,000kWh per person in 2022
- Large and growing secondary industries are very energy intensive
- Growing personal wealth means increasing car ownership
4
Q
What is the energy consumption in LICs?
A
- Both Ethiopia and the Congo used 1,000kWh per person in 2022
- Dependent on primary subsistence farming
- Most people livein rural locations, not connected to national grid/near petrol stations
- Most individuals cannot afford energy-using appliances or energy itself
- Mainly dependent on biomass/fuel wood
5
Q
What is the growth of energy use in different regions?
A
- Non-OECD Asia is growing the most due to growing secondary industry and growing personal wealth
- In 2020, there was 230Btu but this will double by 2050
- OECDs remain constant
- Africa only uses 30 quadrillion Btu and only projected to use 60 in 2050
6
Q
What is the predicated population change between 2005 and 2050?
A
- Central and Eastern Europe, Russia and Japan have <1% population growth
- Japan has a no immigration policy
- Middle East has 100%+ population change
- Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest population growth of 100%+
7
Q
How will a growing population impact energy consumption in the near future up to 2050?
A
- Projected to reach 9.6 billion
- There will be a 25-50% increase in demand globally
- This is quite a small/modest increase as most of the population increase is in Sub-Saharan Africa
- There people are in remote rural areas, rely on subsistence farming and are not connected to the national grid
8
Q
How will a growing population impact energy consumption in the longer term up to 2075?
A
- There will be rapid increase in energy demand as the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa develop, urbanise and electrify urban areas
- Energy demand may double by 2075
9
Q
How will GDP per capita impact energy consumption?
A
- NEEs have rapidly growing secondary industry sector
- Globalisation is seeing the outsourcing of production to lower wage economies
- Changes in technology (containerisation) lowered the cost of shipping
- 1 tonne cost of shipping from China to the UK was $5 in 1950, but is $0.45 in 2025
- Transport of goods around the world is a major use of energy (13,000TWh)
- In China (GDP growth of around 5%) and India, more people can afford energy, more appliances and rural locations will be electrified
10
Q
How does car ownership impact energy consumption?
A
- Indicative of wider increases in ownership of energy hungry technology
- Greater affluence means more people own cars
- 27% of new car sales are in China vs only 6% in USA
- People in NEEs are purchasing their first car whereas markets in HICs are near saturation
11
Q
How is access to electricity changing?
A
- 55% of people in LDCs are without access to electricity (most live in rural areas)
- 67% of people in rural areas of LDCs don’t have electricity, whereas only 32% don’t in urban areas
- In 1990, only 74% of the global population had access to electricity vs 91% in 2022
12
Q
Why is access to electricity changing?
A
- Urbanisation/rural-urban migration means a greater percentage of people live in cities so they have access to the national grid
- Decentralised off-grid generation is providing electricity for remote rural settlements
