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Geography A Level Content > 1.3.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Characteristics of Places > Flashcards

1.3.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Characteristics of Places Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Clark Fisher model?

A

A model which seeks to describe the changing percentage of employment in each sector as a country develops

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2
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Part of the economy concerned with the collection, growth and extraction of natural resources/raw materials
E.g. farming, fishing, mining

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3
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

The manufacturing or industrial sector that processes resources into goods that people want
E.g. construction, manufacturing

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4
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

The sector that enables goods to be traded
E.g. lawyer, teacher

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5
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Knowledge economy and research and development
E.g. IT, creative industries

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6
Q

What are the strengths of the Clark Fisher model?

A
  • Predicts the stages that an economy will pass through
  • Useful to governments who want to predict which sectors they should be enabling/investing in
  • Good for Westernised countries
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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Clark Fisher model?

A
  • Many LICs can’t apply model (e.g. Kenya went straight from primary to tertiary)
  • Ignores the international economic context of imported goods or relocation of manufacturing to LICS
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8
Q

How have the economic characteristics of Keswick changed over time?

A

1900s:
- Market town serving local agricultural area of Allerdale
- 55% in the primary sector
- 25% in the secondary sector (e.g. pencil factory)
- 20% in the tertiary sector (e.g. banking, insurance, education, health)

1960s:
- 25% in the primary sector due to mechanisation and technological improvements
- 45% in the secondary industry
- 30% in tertiary due to rise in tourism

2016:
- 5% in primary sector
- 10% in secondary sector
- 80% in tertiary sector
- 5% in quaternary sector

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9
Q

What are Kondriatiev waves?

A

A graph which shows how a new disruptive technology causes huge economic change but then recession

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10
Q

How long does a typical Kondriatiev wave last for?

A

50 years

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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of a typical Kondriatiev wave?

A
  1. Prosperity - as a new technology comes along, it creates more wealth through greater efficiency
  2. Recession - efficiencies lead to job losses and bankruptcies of older industries
  3. Depression - fewer people to buy goods and services shirnks the economy
  4. Recovery - a new technology comes along to revitalize the economy
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12
Q

What are the technological advancements that each wave is associated with?

A

K1 = Early mechanisation
K2 = Steam power and railway
K3 = Electrical and heavy engineering
K4 = Fordist mass production
K5 = Digital ITC

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13
Q

How did Cardiff change in the 2nd Kondriatiev wave?

A
  • Steam power was invented which gave rise to the growth of factories
  • Cardiff was ideally placed near South Wales coal mines, iron ore mines and a port
  • Largest coal exporting port in the world
  • Railways then linked Cardiff to docks and railways networks so they could become an exporter of manufactured goods too
  • 2nd Marquess of Bute opened the first Bute Dock in Cardiff in 1839
  • Working population grew as there was lots of migration
  • Irish people fleeing famine moved in
  • 1/3 of inhabitants were from surrounding counties who were pushed out by rural poverty
  • Population also increased as there was better disease control
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14
Q

How did the rapid development change Cardiff?

A
  • Terraced housing
  • Little green space
  • Industrial legacy
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15
Q

What is the architectural heritage like in Spotlands, Cardiff?

A
  • Old factories which are difficult to turn into modern homes
  • Small 2 bedroom homes are unsuitable for modern families/housing
  • Low rise houses mean that land is wasted
  • Tightly packed/high building density
  • Near city centre
  • Old so houses are energy inefficient
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16
Q

What is the location quotient?

A

A measure of how specialised an area is in a particular industry

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17
Q

How do you calculate location quotient?

A

LQ = % of total workforce in the area working in an industry/% of the total workforce in the UK working in an industry

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18
Q

What can the location quotient tell you?

A
  • If the LQ is higher than 1, the region is said to specialise in that industry because there is a higher than average % of people working in a particular industry
  • If the LQ is lower than 1, there may be a shortage of an industry compared to the national average
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19
Q

What were the causes of deprivation in Ebbw Vale?

A
  • Resource depletion means higher transport costs
  • Cheaper imports due to globalisation
  • Technological changes (e.g. hot rolling and tin plating)
  • Government strategies and policies (e.g. £350 million EU investment and enterprise zones)
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20
Q

What were the impacts of deprivation in Ebbw Vale?

A
  • Steel production stopped in 1978
  • Tin plating stopped in 2002
  • 16000 jobs were lost
  • There was a 2 mile derelict scar on the landscape
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21
Q

What was done to regenerate the area?

A
  • Cooling ponds were converted to a wetland centre
  • Became a National Garden Festival
  • The Works was redeveloped for housing, education, retail and a hospital
  • Museum was opened in the old offices
  • Enterprise Zone status attracted businesses
22
Q

Why was there urban decline in the docklands in the 1980s?

A
  • Population declined
  • Employment was in decline
  • Access to the rest of London was poor
  • Poor housing (high rise flats and HMOs)
  • Limited shopping facilities
  • Lack of open areas and recreational spaces
  • Unattractive to investors and inhabitants
23
Q

What does de-industrialisation mean?

A

The process where businesses and associated workers move away from areas that previously were successful industrial areas

24
Q

What does containerisation mean?

A

The system of a port using standard size containers to transport cargo

25
What does dereliction mean?
When areas are abandoned and infrastructure becomes dilapidated
26
What does regeneration mean?
The renewal of an area that was previously in decline to encourage re-urbanisation and encourage new industries back into the area
27
What does re-imaging mean?
The process which rebrands an area by disassociating it from previous bad images
28
What does deprivation mean?
The degree to which an area lacks services and amenities
29
What does infrastructure mean?
The fixed structures an area requires to function (e.g. transport network)
30
Where are the London Docklands located?
- Inner east and southeast London by the Thames - Covers the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich - Spans 25km area
31
What was the London Docklands like pre-regeneration?
- Derelict land - Declining population - High unemployment - Run down industries
32
How did counter urbanisation contribute to the decline of the London Docklands?
- After WW2, people moved out of London to small towns/villages as there was a Blitz and slum clearance - New towns were created 50 miles away to absorb the overspill population from the slum and bomb-damaged areas (e.g. Milton Keynes) - Green belt creation in 1947 restricted further suburban expansion so people moved out further - There were cheaper properties and better environmental quality outside of London
33
How did de-industrialisation contribute to the decline of the London Docklands?
- Goods produced in the UK were more expensive than those overseas as wages were higher - Imported goods were cheaper as there was a cheaper workforce abroad - Mines and manufacturing companies closed - Caused unemployment - Industry in Lea Valley declined
34
Why did the docks close?
- Increased ship size meant deeper water was required - Containerisation and computerisation replaced workers as cranes could load/unload ships -Felixstowe and Tilbury had cheaper land and deeper water - Meant that 12000 jobs were lost between 1978 and 1983 - There was competition from Rotterdam (Netherlands) which overtook London as Europe's biggest port - Rotterdam was more modern and accessible so could cope with containers
35
What were the impacts of dock closures on secondary industry?
- Fewer raw materials imported - Fewer manufactured goods exported
36
What are enterprise zones?
Designated areas aimed at stimulating economic growth by offering incentives to business to establish or expand their operations within them
37
What are Urban Development Corporations (UDCs)?
- Set up to regenerate the inner city area by attracting private investment to the area - Could purchase any necessary land
38
What UDC was in charge of the London Docklands regeneration?
The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)
39
What does market-led/property-led regeneration mea?
Development where private companies make decisions and are given benefits
40
What is the trickle down effect?
The process whereby economic gains from economic growth and investment would pass down society to poorer communities
41
What does gentrification mean?
When a previously deprived/working class area sees an influx of wealthy people, business and money
42
How did tax breaks from the government help the regeneration?
- Companies could obtain tax breaks on any new buildings - 10 years tax free - Cheaper for companies so they are attracted to the area
43
How did deregulation from the government help the regeneration?
- Business was previously restricted to only UK banks and insurance companies - Deregulation by the Thatcher government in 1986 meant any bank or business could locate in London - Attracted international companies
44
How did the government help the regeneration through working hours?
- Blair government refused to sign up to the European Working Time Directive which limited working hours to 48 per week - Thought it would restrict trading due to high numbers of international business which need to communicate with people in different time zones?
45
How did the government improve infrastructure and transport?
Airport: - London City Airport was built - 15mins from Canary Wharf - Easy access to London from European cities London Underground: - Extended the London Underground network - Jubilee line now has a stop at Canary Wharf DLR: - Developed the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) - Surface rail network - Covers most of Dockland's area Roads: - Limehouse Road Link and other new roads were built
46
What were the successes of the regeneration of the London Docklands?
Economic: - Restored the 600,000 jobs which were lost to manufacturing - Became one of the world's major financial centres Social: - Improved transport links - Created new housing - Population growing Environmental: - Restored old derelict sites
47
What were the failures of the regeneration of the London Docklands?
Economic: - Didn't bring wealth to locals - Drove house prices up too high Social: - Social wedge between new and old communities - There is still poor health - New jobs and homes are geared towards more educated and richer people - Close knit communities were broken up - Former dockers gained little employment Environmental: - Poor environmental quality - No investment in environment - No open spaces
48
How can the impacts of regeneration in the London Dockland be measured?
The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
49
What types of deprivation are measured on the IMD?
- Income - Unemployment - Crime - Housing - Health - Education
50
What is the deprivation like in the Docklands?
- Neighbourhoods near the Thames aren't deprived - Canary Wharf (an enterprise zone) has some neighbourhoods which are in the top 10% least deprived - Canning Town (far from the river) is top 10% most deprived area

Geography A Level Content (38 decks)

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