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Geography A Level Content > 1.3.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Characteristics of Places > Flashcards

1.3.3 Changes Over Time in the Economic Characteristics of Places Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Clark Fisher model?

A

A model which seeks to describe the changing percentage of employment in each sector as a country develops

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2
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Part of the economy concerned with the collection, growth and extraction of natural resources/raw materials
E.g. farming, fishing, mining

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3
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

The manufacturing or industrial sector that processes resources into goods that people want
E.g. construction, manufacturing

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4
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

The sector that enables goods to be traded
E.g. lawyer, teacher

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5
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Knowledge economy and research and development
E.g. IT, creative industries

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6
Q

What are the strengths of the Clark Fisher model?

A
  • Predicts the stages that an economy will pass through
  • Useful to governments who want to predict which sectors they should be enabling/investing in
  • Good for Westernised countries
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7
Q

What are the weaknesses of the Clark Fisher model?

A
  • Many LICs can’t apply model (e.g. Kenya went straight from primary to tertiary)
  • Ignores the international economic context of imported goods or relocation of manufacturing to LICS
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8
Q

How have the economic characteristics of Keswick changed over time?

A

1900s:
- Market town serving local agricultural area of Allerdale
- 55% in the primary sector
- 25% in the secondary sector (e.g. pencil factory)
- 20% in the tertiary sector (e.g. banking, insurance, education, health)

1960s:
- 25% in the primary sector due to mechanisation and technological improvements
- 45% in the secondary industry
- 30% in tertiary due to rise in tourism

2016:
- 5% in primary sector
- 10% in secondary sector
- 80% in tertiary sector
- 5% in quaternary sector

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9
Q

What the Kondriatiev waves?

A

A graph will shows how a new disruptive technology causes huge economic change but then recession

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10
Q

How long does a typical Kondriatiev wave last for?

A

50 years

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11
Q

What are the 4 stages of a typical Kondriatiev wave?

A
  1. Prosperity - as a new technology comes along, it creates more wealth through greater efficiency
  2. Recession - efficiencies lead to job losses and bankruptcies of older industries
  3. Depression - fewer people to buy goods and services shirnks the economy
  4. Recovery - a new technology comes along to revitalize the economy
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12
Q

What are the technological advancements that each wave is associated with?

A

K1 = Early mechanisation
K2 = Steam power and railway
K3 = Electrical and heavy engineering
K4 = Fordist mass production
K5 = Digital ITC

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13
Q

How did Cardiff change in the 2nd Kondriatiev wave?

A
  • Steam power was invented which gave rise to the growth of factories
  • Cardiff was ideally placed near South Wales coal mines, iron ore mines and a port
  • Largest coal exporting port in the world
  • Railways then linked Cardiff to docks and railways networks so they could become an exporter of manufactured goods too
  • 2nd Marquess of Bute opened the first Bute Dock in Cardiff in 1839
  • Working population grew as there was lots of migration
  • Irish people fleeing famine moved in
  • 1/3 of inhabitants were from surrounding counties who were pushed out by rural poverty
  • Population also increased as there was better disease control
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14
Q

How did the rapid development change Cardiff?

A
  • Terraced housing
  • Little green space
  • Industrial legacy
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15
Q

What is the architectural heritage like in Spotlands, Cardiff?

A
  • Old factories which are difficult to turn into modern homes
  • Small 2 bedroom homes are unsuitable for modern families/housing
  • Low rise houses mean that land is wasted
  • Tightly packed/high building density
  • Near city centre
  • Old so houses are energy inefficient
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16
Q

What is the location quotient?

A

A measure of how specialised an area is in a particular industry

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17
Q

How do you calculate location quotient?

A

LQ = % of total workforce in the area working in an industry/% of the total workforce in the UK working in an industry

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18
Q

What can the location quotient tell you?

A
  • If the LQ is higher than 1, the region is said to specialise in that industry because there is a higher than average % of people working in a particular industry
  • If the LQ is lower than 1, there may be a shortage of an industry compared to the national average
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19
Q

What were the causes of deprivation in Ebbw Vale?

A
  • Resource depletion means higher transport costs
  • Cheaper imports due to globalisation
  • Technological changes (e.g. hot rolling and tin plating)
  • Government strategies and policies (e.g. £350 million EU investment and enterprise zones)
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20
Q

What were the impacts of deprivation in Ebbw Vale?

A
  • Steel production stopped in 1978
  • Tin plating stopped in 2002
  • 16000 jobs were lost
  • There was a 2 mile derelict scar on the landscape
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21
Q

What was done to regenerate the area?

A
  • Cooling ponds were converted to a wetland centre
  • Became a National Garden Festival
  • The Works was redeveloped for housing, education, retail and a hospital
  • Museum was opened in the old offices
  • Enterprise Zone status attracted businesses
22
Q

Why was there urban decline in the docklands in the 1980s?

A
  • Population declined
  • Employment was in decline
  • Access to the rest of London was poor
  • Poor housing (high rise flats and HMOs)
  • Limited shopping facilities
  • Lack of open areas and recreational spaces
  • Unattractive to investors and inhabitants
23
Q

What does de-industrialisation mean?

A

The process where businesses and associated workers move away from areas that previously were successful industrial areas

24
Q

What does containerisation mean?

A

The system of a port using standard size containers to transport cargo

25
Q

What does dereliction mean?

A

When areas are abandoned and infrastructure becomes dilapidated

26
Q

What does regeneration mean?

A

The renewal of an area that was previously in decline to encourage re-urbanisation and encourage new industries back into the area

27
Q

What does re-imaging mean?

A

The process which rebrands an area by disassociating it from previous bad images

28
Q

What does deprivation mean?

A

The degree to which an area lacks services and amenities

29
Q

What does infrastructure mean?

A

The fixed structures an area requires to function (e.g. transport network)

30
Q

Where are the London Docklands located?

A
  • Inner east and southeast London by the Thames
  • Covers the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich
  • Spans 25km area
31
Q

What was the London Docklands like pre-regeneration?

A
  • Derelict land
  • Declining population
  • High unemployment
  • Run down industries
32
Q

How did counter urbanisation contribute to the decline of the London Docklands?

A
  • After WW2, people moved out of London to small towns/villages as there was a Blitz and slum clearance
  • New towns were created 50 miles away to absorb the overspill population from the slum and bomb-damaged areas (e.g. Milton Keynes)
  • Green belt creation in 1947 restricted further suburban expansion so people moved out further
  • There were cheaper properties and better environmental quality outside of London
33
Q

How did de-industrialisation contribute to the decline of the London Docklands?

A
  • Goods produced in the UK were more expensive than those overseas as wages were higher
  • Imported goods were cheaper as there was a cheaper workforce abroad
  • Mines and manufacturing companies closed
  • Caused unemployment
  • Industry in Lea Valley declined
34
Q

Why did the docks close?

A
  • Increased ship size meant deeper water was required
  • Containerisation and computerisation replaced workers as cranes could load/unload ships
    -Felixstowe and Tilbury had cheaper land and deeper water
  • Meant that 12000 jobs were lost between 1978 and 1983
  • There was competition from Rotterdam (Netherlands) which overtook London as Europe’s biggest port
  • Rotterdam was more modern and accessible so could cope with containers
35
Q

What were the impacts of dock closures on secondary industry?

A
  • Fewer raw materials imported
  • Fewer manufactured goods exported
36
Q

What are enterprise zones?

A

Designated areas aimed at stimulating economic growth by offering incentives to business to establish or expand their operations within them

37
Q

What are Urban Development Corporations (UDCs)?

A
  • Set up to regenerate the inner city area by attracting private investment to the area
  • Could purchase any necessary land
38
Q

What UDC was in charge of the London Docklands regeneration?

A

The London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)

39
Q

What does market-led/property-led regeneration mea?

A

Development where private companies make decisions and are given benefits

40
Q

What is the trickle down effect?

A

The process whereby economic gains from economic growth and investment would pass down society to poorer communities

41
Q

What does gentrification mean?

A

When a previously deprived/working class area sees an influx of wealthy people, business and money

42
Q

How did tax breaks from the government help the regeneration?

A
  • Companies could obtain tax breaks on any new buildings
  • 10 years tax free
  • Cheaper for companies so they are attracted to the area
43
Q

How did deregulation from the government help the regeneration?

A
  • Business was previously restricted to only UK banks and insurance companies
  • Deregulation by the Thatcher government in 1986 meant any bank or business could locate in London
  • Attracted international companies
44
Q

How did the government help the regeneration through working hours?

A
  • Blair government refused to sign up to the European Working Time Directive which limited working hours to 48 per week
  • Thought it would restrict trading due to high numbers of international business which need to communicate with people in different time zones?
45
Q

How did the government improve infrastructure and transport?

A

Airport:
- London City Airport was built
- 15mins from Canary Wharf
- Easy access to London from European cities

London Underground:
- Extended the London Underground network
- Jubilee line now has a stop at Canary Wharf

DLR:
- Developed the Docklands Light Railway (DLR)
- Surface rail network
- Covers most of Dockland’s area

Roads:
- Limehouse Road Link and other new roads were built

46
Q

What were the successes of the regeneration of the London Docklands?

A

Economic:
- Restored the 600,000 jobs which were lost to manufacturing
- Became one of the world’s major financial centres

Social:
- Improved transport links
- Created new housing
- Population growing

Environmental:
- Restored old derelict sites

47
Q

What were the failures of the regeneration of the London Docklands?

A

Economic:
- Didn’t bring wealth to locals
- Drove house prices up too high

Social:
- Social wedge between new and old communities
- There is still poor health
- New jobs and homes are geared towards more educated and richer people
- Close knit communities were broken up
- Former dockers gained little employment

Environmental:
- Poor environmental quality
- No investment in environment
- No open spaces

48
Q

How can the impacts of regeneration in the London Dockland be measured?

A

The Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

49
Q

What types of deprivation are measured on the IMD?

A
  • Income
  • Unemployment
  • Crime
  • Housing
  • Health
  • Education
50
Q

What is the deprivation like in the Docklands?

A
  • Neighbourhoods near the Thames aren’t deprived
  • Canary Wharf (an enterprise zone) has some neighbourhoods which are in the top 10% least deprived
  • Canning Town (far from the river) is top 10% most deprived area

Geography A Level Content (14 decks)

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