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Geography A Level Content > 1.3.1 Changing Places - Relationships and Connections > Flashcards

1.3.1 Changing Places - Relationships and Connections Flashcards

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1
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

Internal factors that tend to remain the same over time but their importance may change
- Known as ‘continuity factors’

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2
Q

What does exogenous mean?

A

Outside/external factors that can change over time which impacts places
- Known as ‘change factors’

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3
Q

What is a lived experience?

A

Continuity + change = lived experience
It relates to how local people’s lives will be affected by the continuity and change factors

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4
Q

What are the endogenous factors in Clovelly?

A

Architecture
Very steep
- Fewer cars
By the coast/sea
Cobbles
Cultural attachments

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5
Q

What are the exogenous factors in Clovelly?

A

EU Common Fisheries policies
- Restricted fishing quotas
- Reduced fishing vessels
Change in demographic
- Influx of retirees and wealthy people
- Second homes or holiday lets
- A result of increased wealth in urban areas
- Increased life expectancy means increased time spent in retirement
Nostalgia for the rural idyll

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6
Q

What are the causes of studentification in Swansea?

A

Continuity:
Large houses in Brynmill and Uplands
- Georgian and Victorian houses
- Perfect for houses multiple occupation (HMOs)
University has been around for the last 110 years

Change:
Record number of students
- 3000 beds on campus
- 18000 students
Government policy since 2000
- 50% of 18 year olds have to go to univerisity
- Tony Blair’s government
Cheaper tuition fees in Wales
- Attracts more students
- Prices increased in England but not in Wales
New ‘Innovation Campus’
- Extra 4000 students

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7
Q

What are the impacts of studentification?

A

Social:
- Families leaving, HMOs replacing them (50% of homes = HMOs)
- Lack of threshold population to maintain services (e.g. Brynmill church closed)
- Disruption of locals’ sleep
- Limited parking for local residents

Economic:
- Reduction in council tax receipts
- University responsible for 4000 jobs
- £3 billion will be put into economy in the next 10 years
- Nighttime economy is booming

Environmental:
- Rubbish all over streets
- Unwanted items dumped
- Properties not maintained by landlords or students

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8
Q

What are the responses to studentification in Swansea?

A
  • Police changing shifts to focus on nights
  • Resident meetins
  • Forum with students, locals and police
  • Locals/students litter pick (800 bags of rubbish)
  • Increasing beds on campus (4000 more in student village)
  • Law in Wales now restricts the number of HMOs on a street to 4
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9
Q

What are the causes of immigration to Southhampton?

A

Continuity:
Long history of Poles living there
- Port city
Large affordable houses on French Street
- Favours HMOs

Change:
Net immigration of 2.5 million between 2002 and 2012
EU enlargement
- Freedom of movement
- Accession 7 countries (including Poland) joined the EU
- UK government didn’t impose transition restrictions

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10
Q

What are the impacts of immigration to Southampton?

A

Social:
- At St Mark’s primary school 6/10 students are White-British and 42 languages are spoken
- Temporary classrooms (school doubled in 3 years)
- Crowding of hospitals which overwhelms staff
- Family homes transferred into HMOs
- Increased diversity
- Culturally alien to some (threatening)
- Children will be able to integrate better
- 1000 more babies born
- Long housing waiting list for social housing (increased from 4000 to 14000 from 2012 to 2016)
- Perception that Polish families are given priority

Economic:
- Wages fell dramatically in construction
- Polish people start businesses and employ British people (e.g. Tomasz Dyl)
- More restaurants, shops and services
- Poles are happy to do dirty, dangerous and degrading jobs that Brits refuse to do

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11
Q

What are the responses to immigration to Southampton?

A
  • Employ Polish staff to translate in schools
  • Building more secondary schools
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12
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of societies, economies, ideas and peoples across the globe

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13
Q

What are the causes of international investment in London commercial property?

A

Continuity:
200 years of trading gossip

Change:
Global companies moving to London due to deregulation
- AON HQ moved from Chicago to London to be close to Lloyd’s of London
Foreign investment
- CC Lam bought the Cheesegrater from British land
UK properties are seen as a safe haven
- China capital controls are deterring investment from Hong Kong

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14
Q

What are the impacts of international investment in London commercial property?

A

Social:
- Created extra public space under the Cheesegrater
- By 2035 the tube will be 2x overcapacity

Economic:
- AON employs 206 UK people
- 3x more Chinese investment
- £5 billion investment
- Fall in £ in 2019 (Brexit) makes London properties more affordable
- Cost of living is higher in London
- Attracts global talents

Environmental:
- Buildings can now be taller than St Paul’s so there are more skyscrapers
- Cheesegrater has a sloping profile to avoid obscuring St Paul’s

Political:
- Gain influence in government

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15
Q

What are the causes of the London residential property boom?

A

Change:
85% of all new builds are sold to overseas investors
Hong Kong are culturally more prepared to buy ‘off plan’ than British people
HK investors are looking for a safe haven
- May never live in the property

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16
Q

What are the impacts of the London residential property boom?

A

Social:
- Peripheral neighbourhoods (e.g. Walthamstow) are now popular with those displaced from Hackney
- Battersea Power Station was redone using £8 billion Malaysian money
- 25% of new homes are given for social housing
- London’s first time buyers are locked out of London property
- 1/5 of new builds are lived in

Economic:
- House prices are rising 5x more in London than rest of UK average
- Average home has a £175000 price increase per month
- Investors could pull out money very quickly causing house price collapse
- Empty homes don’t pay council tax
- Billions of £s of investment into UK

Environmental:
- Doubled the building of new high rise homes
- Battersea Power Station is no longer derelict

Political:
- Islington council are implementing fines to developers if homes are left empty
- People are urging government to prevent money laundering

17
Q

What are the problems with renting?

A
  • Lack of security
  • Increased cost of accommodation
  • Owning/mortgage gives an asset and reduces overall accommodation costs
18
Q

How are people property millionaires?

A
  • Housing prices are increasing
  • Bought their house a long time ago
    E.g. 10000 residents in Kensington and Chelsea are living in properties worth at least £1 million
19
Q

What are the impacts of rising London house prices?

A

Property millionaires:
- Positive lived experience
- Children/family will inherit a huge sum
- Cannot access money unless they move
- Equity release gives option for disposable income
- Improved quality of life

Flat renters:
- Low disposable income
- Not saving for future
- Delayed having children due to limited space
- Pushed away to peripheral neighbourhoods

20
Q

What was the Volkswagen emissions scandal?

A

VW Cheat Devices meant cars were sold as ‘low emission vehicles’ with lower taxes
Once discovered, cars had to be fixed to reduce emissions - reducing performance and value of the cars

21
Q

How did the Volkswagen emissions scandal impact Wolfsburg?

A
  • 70,000 VW workers didn’t receive 5900 euro bonus in 2014 as VW had to pay to fix cars or compensate owners
  • VW is main employer in Wolfsburg so crisis lead to an inverse-multiplier effect
  • Osteopaths reported a 25% reduction in earnings
22
Q

What is interdependence?

A

When two groups of people rely on each other

23
Q

How does interdependence exist between MNCs and the UK spending power?

A
  • MNCs require British people to spend money
  • UK benefits from the improved consumer choice, investment into stores and new jobs
24
Q

Why did McDonalds move its global HQ from Luxembourg?

A
  • Facing investigations for tax avoidance
  • Only paid 1.49% tax on $1.8 billion rather than the required 27%
  • London has a lower corporation tax of 20%
25
Q

What are the impacts of McDonalds moving its global HQ?-

A
  • Loss of jobs and income for Luxembourg
  • Costs McDonalds less
26
Q

Why did McDonalds move the US HQ from Oak Brook to CBD Chicago?

A
  • Easier to recruit IT graduates from universities
27
Q

What are the impacts of McDonalds moving its US HQ?

A
  • 3000 employees had to relocate or lose their jobs
  • No facilities for Oak Brook community groups to use anymore
  • Oak Brook lose $100000 per year
28
Q

What are the impacts of McDonalds in the UK?

A
  • Homogenisation of high streets
  • Using more local produce to support British farmers
  • Independent shops close
  • More litter on streets
29
Q

What are the responses from McDonalds for homogenisation?

A
  • Serving brown sauce in Northern outlets
  • Signed up to government’s voluntary code of reducing litter
  • Glocalisation to conserve culture
30
Q

What is happening in Totnes?

A

Forced to accept a Coffee #1 (Cafe Nero) after fighting the opening of a Costa in 2012
Already has 52 independent coffee shops and no MNCs

31
Q

What are the responses to homogenisation in Totnes?

A
  • Asked Cafe Nero to change its name
  • Created its own currency to prevent economic leakage
32
Q

How did Hampstead force out McDonalds in 2016?

A
  • Refused their request for a late night license
  • Forced McDonalds to change appearance to be more conservative
  • Protested
  • Boycotted McDonalds

Geography A Level Content (14 decks)

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