1.3.1 Changing Places - Relationships and Connections

Question 1

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 1

Internal factors that tend to remain the same over time but their importance may change
- Known as ‘continuity factors’

Question 2

What does exogenous mean?

Answer 2

Outside/external factors that can change over time which impacts places
- Known as ‘change factors’

Question 3

What is a lived experience?

Answer 3

Continuity + change = lived experience
It relates to how local people’s lives will be affected by the continuity and change factors

Question 4

What are the endogenous factors in Clovelly?

Answer 4

Architecture
Very steep
- Fewer cars
By the coast/sea
Cobbles
Cultural attachments

Question 5

What are the exogenous factors in Clovelly?

Answer 5

EU Common Fisheries policies
- Restricted fishing quotas
- Reduced fishing vessels
Change in demographic
- Influx of retirees and wealthy people
- Second homes or holiday lets
- A result of increased wealth in urban areas
- Increased life expectancy means increased time spent in retirement
Nostalgia for the rural idyll

Question 6

What are the causes of studentification in Swansea?

Answer 6

Continuity:
Large houses in Brynmill and Uplands
- Georgian and Victorian houses
- Perfect for houses multiple occupation (HMOs)
University has been around for the last 110 years

Change:
Record number of students
- 3000 beds on campus
- 18000 students
Government policy since 2000
- 50% of 18 year olds have to go to univerisity
- Tony Blair’s government
Cheaper tuition fees in Wales
- Attracts more students
- Prices increased in England but not in Wales
New ‘Innovation Campus’
- Extra 4000 students

Question 7

What are the impacts of studentification?

Answer 7

Social:
- Families leaving, HMOs replacing them (50% of homes = HMOs)
- Lack of threshold population to maintain services (e.g. Brynmill church closed)
- Disruption of locals’ sleep
- Limited parking for local residents

Economic:
- Reduction in council tax receipts
- University responsible for 4000 jobs
- £3 billion will be put into economy in the next 10 years
- Nighttime economy is booming

Environmental:
- Rubbish all over streets
- Unwanted items dumped
- Properties not maintained by landlords or students

Question 8

What are the responses to studentification in Swansea?

Answer 8

• Police changing shifts to focus on nights
• Resident meetins
• Forum with students, locals and police
• Locals/students litter pick (800 bags of rubbish)
• Increasing beds on campus (4000 more in student village)
• Law in Wales now restricts the number of HMOs on a street to 4

Question 9

What are the causes of immigration to Southhampton?

Answer 9

Continuity:
Long history of Poles living there
- Port city
Large affordable houses on French Street
- Favours HMOs

Change:
Net immigration of 2.5 million between 2002 and 2012
EU enlargement
- Freedom of movement
- Accession 7 countries (including Poland) joined the EU
- UK government didn’t impose transition restrictions

Question 10

What are the impacts of immigration to Southampton?

Answer 10

Social:
- At St Mark’s primary school 6/10 students are White-British and 42 languages are spoken
- Temporary classrooms (school doubled in 3 years)
- Crowding of hospitals which overwhelms staff
- Family homes transferred into HMOs
- Increased diversity
- Culturally alien to some (threatening)
- Children will be able to integrate better
- 1000 more babies born
- Long housing waiting list for social housing (increased from 4000 to 14000 from 2012 to 2016)
- Perception that Polish families are given priority

Economic:
- Wages fell dramatically in construction
- Polish people start businesses and employ British people (e.g. Tomasz Dyl)
- More restaurants, shops and services
- Poles are happy to do dirty, dangerous and degrading jobs that Brits refuse to do

Question 11

What are the responses to immigration to Southampton?

Answer 11

• Employ Polish staff to translate in schools
• Building more secondary schools

Question 12

What is globalisation?

Answer 12

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of societies, economies, ideas and peoples across the glove

Question 13

What are the causes of international investment in London commercial property?

Answer 13

Continuity:
200 years of trading gossip

Change:
Global companies moving to London due to deregulation
- AON HQ moved from Chicago to London to be close to Lloyd’s of London
Foreign investment
- CC Lam bought the Cheesegrater from British land
UK properties are seen as a safe haven
- China capital controls are deterring investment from Hong Kong

Question 14

What are the impacts of international investment in London commercial property?

Answer 14

Social:
- Created extra public space under the Cheesegrater
- By 2035 the tube will be 2x overcapacity

Economic:
- AON employs 206 UK people
- 3x more Chinese investment
- £5 billion investment
- Fall in £ in 2019 (Brexit) makes London properties more affordable
- Cost of living is higher in London
- Attracts global talents

Environmental:
- Buildings can now be taller than St Paul’s so there are more skyscrapers
- Cheesegrater has a sloping profile to avoid obscuring St Paul’s

Political:
- Gain influence in government

Question 15

What are the causes of the London residential property boom?

Answer 15

Change:
85% of all new builds are sold to overseas investors
Hong Kong are culturally more prepared to buy ‘off plan’ than British people
HK investors are looking for a safe haven
- May never live in the property

Question 16

What are the impacts of the London residential property boom?

Answer 16

Social:
- Peripheral neighbourhoods (e.g. Walthamstow) are now popular with those displaced from Hackney
- Battersea Power Station was redone using £8 billion Malaysian money
- 25% of new homes are given for social housing
- London’s first time buyers are locked out of London property
- 115 of new builds are lived in

Economic:
- House prices are rising 5x more in London than rest of UK average
- Average home has a £175000 price increase per month
- Investors could pull out money very quickly causing house price collapse
- Empty homes don’t pay council tax
- Billions of £s of investment into UK

Environmental:
- Doubled the building of new high rise homes
- Battersea Power Station is no longer derelict

Political:
- Islington council are implementing fines to developers if homes are left empty
- People are urging government to prevent money laundering

Question 17

What are the problems with renting?

Answer 17

• Lack of security
• Increased cost of accommodation
• Owning/mortgage gives an asset and reduces overall accommodation costs

Question 18

How are people property millionaires?

Answer 18

• Housing prices are increasing
• Bought their house a long time ago
  E.g. 10000 residents in Kensington and Chelsea are living in properties worth at least £1 million

Question 19

What are the impacts of rising London house prices?

Answer 19

Property millionaires:
- Positive lived experience
- Children/family will inherit a huge sum
- Cannot access money unless they move
- Equity release gives option for disposable income
- Improved quality of life

Flat renters:
- Low disposable income
- Not saving for future
- Delayed having children due to limited space
- Pushed away to peripheral neighbourhoods

Question 20

What was the Volkswagen emissions scandal?

Answer 20

VW Cheat Devices meant cars were sold as ‘low emission vehicles’ with lower taxes
Once discovered, cars had to be fixed to reduce emissions - reducing performance and value of the cars

Question 21

How did the Volkswagen emissions scandal impact Wolfsburg?

Answer 21

• 70,000 VW workers didn’t receive 59000 euro bonus in 2014 as VW had to pay to fix cars or compensate owners
• VW is main employer in Wolfsburg so crisis lead to an inverse-multiplier effect
• Osteopaths reported a 25% reduction in earnings

Question 22

What is interdependence?

Answer 22

When two groups of people rely on each other

Question 23

How does interdependence exist between MNCs and the UK spending power?

Answer 23

• MNCs require British people to spend money
• UK benefits from the improved consumer choice, investment into stores and new jobs

Question 24

Why did McDonalds move its global HQ from Luxembourg?

Answer 24

• Facing investigations for tax avoidance
• Only paid 1.49% tax on $1.8 billion rather than the required 27%
• London has a lower corporation tax of 20%

Question 25

What are the impacts of McDonalds moving its global HQ?-

Answer 25

• Loss of jobs and income for Luxembourg
• Costs McDonalds less

Question 26

Why did McDonalds move the US HQ from Oak Brook to CBD Chicago?

Answer 26

• Easier to recruit IT graduates from universities

Question 27

What are the impacts of McDonalds moving its US HQ?

Answer 27

• 3000 employees had to relocate or lose their jobs
• No facilities for Oak Brook community groups to use anymore
• Oak Brook lose $100000 per year

Question 28

What are the impacts of McDonalds in the UK?

Answer 28

• Homogenisation of high streets
• Using more local produce to support British farmers
• Independent shops close
• More litter on streets

Question 29

What are the responses from McDonalds for homogenisation?

Answer 29

• Serving brown sauce in Northern outlets
• Signed up to government’s voluntary code of reducing litter
• Glocalisation to conserve culture

Question 30

What is happening in Totnes?

Answer 30

Forced to accept a Coffee #1 (Cafe Nero) after fighting the opening of a Costa in 2012
Already has 52 independent coffee shops and no MNCs

Question 31

What are the responses to homogenisation in Totnes?

Answer 31

• Asked Cafe Nero to change its name
• Created its own currency to prevent economic leakage

Question 32

How did Hampstead force out McDonalds in 2016?

Answer 32

• Refused their request for a late night license
• Forced McDonalds to change appearance to be more conservative
• Protested
• Boycotted McDonalds