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Geography A Level Content > 1.3.5 The Service Economy (Tertiary) and its Social and Economic Impacts > Flashcards

1.3.5 The Service Economy (Tertiary) and its Social and Economic Impacts Flashcards

1
Q

What is tertiarisation?

A

When the tertiary sector comprises the biggest element of the economy

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2
Q

How has employment in services changed?

A

1992 - 68%
2001 - 76%
2011 - 80%
2018 - 83% (71% of men and 92% of women)

  • Tertiary is increasing
  • More women in tertiary as men traditionally work in primary/secondary industries
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3
Q

How has GDP from tertiary sectors changed?

A

1970 - 55%
2001 - 73%
2024 - 79%

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4
Q

What did the growth of the manufacturing industry lead to?

A
  • Rise of the banking and insurance industry
  • Industrialists needed to store and protect their money
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5
Q

How has rising affluence promoted the growth of the service sector?

A
  • People want to invest/bank their wealth, insure property/possessions, purchase goods and have improved leisure time
  • More disposable income has led to the growth of leisure activities
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6
Q

How has building technology promoted the growth of the service sector?

A
  • Steel framed buildings have enabled sky scrapers
  • Enables business to cluster together even more closely
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7
Q

How has communication technology promoted the growth of the service sector?

A
  • Online booking and websites have made hotels and AirBNBs more accessible to tourism
  • More properties in city centres are now available for tourism (previously would’ve been too small to advertise properly)
  • Internet means banking was able to centralise into a few global hubs because proximity to customer has become irrelevant due to instant communication
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8
Q

How has transport technology promoted the growth of the service sector?

A
  • Trains led to the growth of seaside towns (e.g. Bristol, Southend)
  • Since the 1950/60s, air travel has been cheaper, leading to mass tourism
  • More underground and commuter trains
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9
Q

How does the share of jobs in the city centre vary?

A
  • 51% of financial services
  • 43% of KIBS jobs
  • 35% of restaurants
  • 18% of government workers
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10
Q

How is the CBD accessible?

A
  • Public transport delivers people to the CBD very efficiently
  • For those on low incomes, it is the most accessible location
  • Some low paid workers cannot afford a car so it is easier to find staff in the CBD
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11
Q

What are the benefits of agglomeration in the city centre?

A
  • Shared labour pools
  • Most accessible so greatest pool of potential workers
  • Knowledge spillover
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12
Q

Why is retail declining in city centres?

A
  • Loss of flagship stores
  • Out of town shopping centres
  • More online shopping
  • Inverse multiplier effect (lower foot fall leads to fewer shops)
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13
Q

How has the type of business changed in UK city centres?

A
  • Personal services (e.g. hair and beauty), cafe chains and restaurant have increased as they can’t be done online
  • Banks and fashion can be done online so they have declined
  • 1/8 shops in the UK lay vacant in 2023
  • As more retailing moves out of town/online, fewer people will shop in the town
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14
Q

What are the statistics for the change in number of stores between 2013 and 2017 in the UK?

A

Barbers +2066
Beauty salons +1599
Cafes and tearooms +1384

Banks -2405
Women’s clothes outlets -1588
Travel agents -1229

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15
Q

How do showrooms work?

A

Consumer visit showrooms to look at products but then buy them online and get them delivered to their door

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16
Q

How is Clark’s using its physical and online presence to benefit the overall business?

A
  • Stocks a variety of children’s and adult’s shoes
  • Offers a free measuring service for children
  • Hold huge ranges of shoes in every size in sufficient quantity, unlike smaller shoe shops
  • If a size isn’t available, shopper can order it online and get it delivered
  • No longer a loss of sale or inconvenient return to the shop for the customer if there is a shortage of stock
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17
Q

What are the advantages of physical shopping?

A
  • More pleasant and social
  • Can make unexpected, impulse purchases
  • Shopping as leisure (coffee bars)
  • Individual service from approachable retailers
  • Direct possession and use
  • Feeling of reliability because of ability to make comparisons
  • Perceived as being more versatile because products can be compared
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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of physical shopping?

A
  • Opening hours are often limited
  • Getting to and from shops, congestion and cost
  • Parking and transport costs high
  • Less easy to compare prices in different shops
  • Pushy sales people
  • More expensive due to the cost of space to store and display goods
  • Lack of background information on products and services, which the internet can provide
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19
Q

How does the closure of a flagship store impact the high street

A
  • The flagship store is the biggest and most central store
  • Foot fall is reduced when a flagship store closes
  • People that visited the high street mainly to visit the flagship store may not bother anymore
  • Neighbouring shops will not have as many customers
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20
Q

What is the flagship store on Walsall High Street?

A
  • M&S
  • Its closure has meant Clinton’s will sell fewer impulse purchases and Costa will sell less coffee
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21
Q

What are the causes of the decline of the Dudley CBD?

A
  • Merry Hill Westfield shopping centre was built out of town
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22
Q

What are the social impacts of the decline of the Dudley CBD?

A
  • Public transport brings people to the town centre but people need a private car to access the Merry Hill Westfield
  • People without cars became deprived of access to most shops
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23
Q

What are the economic impacts of the decline of the Dudley CBD?

A
  • 32% of shops are vacant (100 shops), which is the worst in the country
  • Budget shops can only pay minimum wage
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24
Q

What are the environmental impacts of the decline of the Dudley CBD?

A
  • Derelict shops are ugly, depressing and discouraging for foot fall
25
Q

What are initiatives that are put in place to reverse the decline in CBDs?

A
  • Street furniture (e.g. benches, binds, lampposts) are designed to improve shopping environment
  • Covering of markets
  • Flagstones are made out of colourful and quality stone to add character
  • Living spaces are created above shopping areas
  • Parking is available throughout the city
  • Historic buildings have been gentrified and cleaned
  • Historic monuments have been cleaned
  • Streets are pedestrianised
26
Q

What strategies have been used to reverse the decline of the Dudley CBD?

A
  • Used heritage-led regeneration
  • New modern market built with a marquee covering
  • Moved statue of Duncan Edwards to the front of the market
  • Reinstated historic buildings like Baylies Hall and Charlton House
  • Regenerated Fountain Arcade
  • Demolished a public toilet to allow view of the castle
  • Won a National Award for Placemaking
27
Q

How was the regeneration of the Dudley CBD funded?

A
  • Cost £6 million to regenerate the market
  • ERDF provided £3 million
  • £60 million public money and £200 million from private investors was required for the whole regeneration
28
Q

How have planners of Dudley CBD tried to make this area safer for women, parents and disabled people?

A
  • CCTV
  • Updating cobbles (flat and smooth)
  • Making it pedestrianised
  • Well lit
29
Q

What function other than retaining was used to attract people back to the Dudley CBD?

A
  • I-Evolve sixth form college
  • Tourism
30
Q

What happened between 1971 and 1991 in London?

A
  • Counterurbanisation
  • The number of people living in urban centres declined as a result of deindustrialisation and decline
31
Q

What happened between 2001 and 2022 in London?

A
  • Reurbanisation
  • The population in the city centre doubled between 2001 and 2011
  • The bigger the city, the faster the growth
32
Q

What are the drivers of reurbanisation?

A
  • Building of flats and apartments (e.g. Battersea and Docklands)
  • Permitted development rights which allowed developers to convert offices to residential use
  • Rapid population growth
  • Increase in student numbers in university cities (e.g. Swansea)
  • Increase in 25-34 year olds in highly skilled jobs
  • People that live and work in the centre to reduce commuting
  • Leisure and cultural facilities
  • Cost of living is cheaper in less successful cities
33
Q

What does gentrification mean?

A

When a previously working class area with lower socio-economic groups becomes invaded by wealthier residents and associated businesses, causing it to improve in quality and become wealthier

34
Q

Why is gentrification a controversial process?

A
  • Requires a demographic change as well as an economic change
  • This negatively impacts less educated, lower income households
35
Q

How is there gentrification in Central London?

A
  • House prices are increasing faster than wages as the global rich invest in London property
  • Ultra-high net-worth individuals have an average property portfolio of US$28 million
  • They invest in London property as it gives high returns due to inflation and exchange rate changes, they want to have a home for their globalised lifestyle and the UK is a safe place for investment as there is always a demand for accommodation
  • These wealthy, educated professionals move in and working class people on low incomes (often ethnic minorities like the Bangladeshi diaspora in Brick Lane) are pushed out
36
Q

How has there been gentrification in Wapping?

A
  • First area in London where waterside wharehouses were converted into apartments
  • Have new modern windows and balconies
  • Lots of shrubbery
  • Sand-blasted bricks
37
Q

How has there been gentrification in Battersea Power Station?

A
  • Brownfield sites were redeveloped into luxury high rise apartments and the surrounding areas were cleared aswell
  • Have modern, new apartments with roof gardens
  • Power station has a tennis court on the roof, green space and a pier for yacht parking
38
Q

How has there been gentrification in Shoreditch/Hoxton?

A
  • Used to be a working class Jewish neighbourhood in 1902
  • The Brune Street Soup Kitchen has been converted into luxury flats for well-paid city workers
39
Q

What is cultural cleansing in Shoreditch/Brick Lane?

A
  • Wealthy gentrifiers are pushing out the working class Bangladeshi diaspora
40
Q

What were the good things about Shoreditch in the 1980s?

A
  • Artists with studios and galleries, (e.g. Tracy Emin)
  • Edgy nightlife scene (e.g. London Apprentice gay bar)
  • Illegal raves
41
Q

What were the bad things about Shoreditch in the 1980s?

A
  • Fascism and racist white groups
  • Lack of shops and bars
  • High crime levels
42
Q

What is driving gentrification in Shoreditch?

A

The initial movement of pioneers (e.g. fashion students and artists) are now being replaced by tech-savvy individuals

43
Q

What are the percieved bad thins about gentrification in Shoreditch?

A
  • Housing costs have risen so much that Bangladeshi people are pushed out
  • Business are forced out
44
Q

What is the succession in Brick Lane/Shoreditch?

A

Huguenot -> Jewish -> Bangladeshi -> Artists and hipsters -> Tech industries and the wealthy

45
Q

What businesses have moved into Brick Lane/Shoreditch as a result of gentrification?

A
  • Pret a Manger
  • Versace
  • Cereal Killer cafe
46
Q

How has Brick Lane/Shoreditch change?

A
  • Mainly white, middle class people now
  • All new bars have a 12am curfew in an effort to reduce noise and antisocial behaviour
47
Q

What are examples of clashes of cultures in Shoreditch?

A
  • Brick Lane riots in 2015 where the Cereal Killer cafe was attacked (now closed)
  • Angry about the opening of Pret a Manger as it is considered the epitome of the middle classs
  • Facadism of Spitalfields Market as a middle class artistic market is replacing the authentic market
48
Q

What happened between 1971 and 2009 in Cambridge and Liverpool?

A
  • Cambridge grew by 47% due to lots of KIBS and financial businesses moving to the city
  • Liverpool declined by 19% due to deindustrialisation and mass unemployment
49
Q

What is remediation?

A

Clearing derelict sites (usually old secondary industry) and bringing it back into use as offices, leisure and housing

50
Q

What are example of remediation?

A
  • London Docklands in London made a profit of £8,700 million
  • Barnsley Gateway was less successful and cost the taxpayer £15 million
51
Q

How do the employment groups for Cambridge and Doncaster compare?

A
  • 34% of people work in professional occupations in Cambridge but only 12% of people in Doncaster
  • 9% of people work in factories in Doncaster but only 2 of people in Cambridge work in factories
  • The biggest source of tertiary jobs in Doncaster are elementary occupations
  • Tertiarisation has benefitted Cambridge with new, high paid tertiary jobs but Doncaster has lost out as it lost well paid secondary jobs which were replaced with low paid tertiary jobs
52
Q

What is an example of out of town retail?

A
  • Bluewater Shopping Centre
  • A2M and M25 links 5 million people to it within 45 minutes by car
  • Rural-urban fringe location means it has room to expand
53
Q

What is an example of city centre retail?

A
  • Oxford Street
  • Bakerloo, Central and Victoria lines at Oxford Circus tube
  • Bus connections
54
Q

What is an example of out of town leisure?

A
  • Eureka Leisure Park
  • Near the M20 (junction 9)
  • Has a big car park
55
Q

What is an example of city centre leisure?

A
  • ODEON Leicester Square
  • Northern line at Leicester Square tube
  • Bus connections
56
Q

What is an example of out of town offices?

A
  • Bizspace, Ashford
  • Junction 9 off the M20
  • Big car park due to lots of land
  • Cheap office space
57
Q

What is an example of city centre offices?

A
  • Canary Wharf
  • DLR
  • Jubilee line at Canary Wharf tube station
  • London City Airport
58
Q

What are the trends in occupations in Stoke after tertiarisation?

A
  • Increase in low wage tertiary jobs and a small increase in high paid tertiary jobs
  • Decrease in intermediate secondary jobs
  • Anomalies with a 15% gain in managers and a tiny increase in associate professional and technical occupations
  • Biggest decrease was a 25% loss of skilled trade occupations
  • Biggest increase was a 40% gain in caring, leisure and other service occupations
  • Average increase for high wage occupations was 10%
  • Average increase for low wage occupations was 21%
  • Average decrease for intermediate wage was 17%
59
Q

What has happened to care work?

A
  • Care sector employment in the UK has almost tripled between 1990 and 2003 (from 3.3% to 9%)
  • Due to an ageing population
  • Since 2009, the care sector workforce in England has increase by 21%
  • Jobs are usually done by women are are usually in cities and towns
  • They are low paid (often minimum wage) and often part-time
  • Jobs are subject to effects recession and austerity
  • 25% of people are on zero hour contracts so they don’t known how much work they will get each month and they have fluctuating incomes
  • People often have to work unsociable hours (e.g. at night) which makes childcare difficult

Geography A Level Content (25 decks)

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