34 - Tobacco and Alcohol Flashcards
____% of alcohols are heavy smokers compared to ____% in the general population
70%
10%
Smokers are ____X more likely to consume alcohol than nonsmokers
1.3X
Smokers is a risk factor for what systemic conditions
Cardiovascular disease COPD Cancer Atherosclerosis Stroke
Smoking and alcohol effect on oral/throat/esophageal cancer
Smoking 7X
Drinking 7X
Drinking + smoking 38X
Smoking as a risk factor for periodontitis (2 sources)
Grossi - dose dependent CAL/bone loss. OR 3.0
Martinez - effects seen w/ 10+ cigarettes. Risk of severe ChP 2.8X
1 extra cigarette smoked daily increases gingival recession by _____%, pocket depth _____%, and CAL _____%
- 3%
- 3%
- 5%
Effect of alcohol on periodontium (2 sources)
Sakki - Finnish who drank 3.5+ more likely to have PD 3+
Tezal - 5+ drinks a week 65% more likely to have gingival bleeding and 36% more likely to have severe CAL
Longitudinal studies on alcohol
Erie County
NHANES III
Significant relationship between alcohol consumption and severe attachment loss and gingival bleeding
Smoking effect on innate immunity
Neutrophil motility/chemotaxis/phagocytosis are reduced
Smoking effect on adaptive immunity
AB production (IgG) and immune regulatory T-cells are reduced
Smoking effect on bacteria (source)
Zambon & Grossi
AA 3.1X
TF 2.3X
PG 1.5X
Cytokines that are increases w/ smoking
PGE2
TNFa
MMP8
IL-1B
Metabolite of nicotine
Cotinine
What causes increase in pathogenic organisms?
Peripheral vasoconstriction that leads to decreased oxygen tension
Smoking effect on NST (source)
Grossi
- Reduced reduction in PD (0.8mm less) and gain in CAL
- No difference in smokers who quit 1 year ago
- Less reduction in periodontal pathogens