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Textbook > 3 - Epidemiology > Flashcards

3 - Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 purposes of epidemiology

A

1) Determine amount/distribution of disease
2) Investigate causes
3) Apply knowledge to control of disease

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2
Q

Prevalence measures the ____ of disease

A

Amount

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3
Q

Incidence measures the _____ of new disease

A

Occurrence

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4
Q

“Extent” definition

A

Number or proportion of teeth or sites that are affected with a given condition

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5
Q

“Severity” definition

A

How advanced or serious a given condition is

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6
Q

Cross sectional studies determines _____ and is good for studying disease that _____

A

Prevalence

Affect a large population

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7
Q

Case control studies is good for studying diseases that ______

A

Are rare

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8
Q

Cohort studies determines ____

A

Incidence

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9
Q

3 types of experimental study designs

A

Randomized parallel arm
Crossover
Split-mouth

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10
Q

Sensitivity definition

____ ____ rate

Equation?

A

Disease is present, how often the test is positive

True positive rate

A/(A+C)

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11
Q

Specificity definition

___ ____ rate

Equation

A

Disease is absent, how often the test is negative

True negative rate

D/(B+D)

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12
Q

PPV definition

Equation

A

Test is positive, how often is the disease truly present

A/(A+B)

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13
Q

NPV definition

Equation

A

Test is negative, how often the disease is truly absent

D/(C+D)

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14
Q

What is the problem with highly sensitive test?

A

False positives

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15
Q

What is the problem with highly specific tests?

A

False negative

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16
Q

Association between PPV + disease prevalence

A

PPV decreases as prevalence decreases

17
Q

“Risk” definition

A

The likelihood of a person getting a disease in a specified time period

18
Q

“Risk factor” definition

A

The characteristic of an individual that places them at increased risk of getting a disease

19
Q

Periodontal disease risk factors

A

Age
Smoking
Diabetes
Certain subG bacteria

20
Q

“Risk assessment” definition

A

The process of predicting an individual’s probability of disease

21
Q

“Odds ratio” definition

A

Odds of being exposed to a given factor among subjects with the disease divided by the odds of being exposed among healthy subjects

22
Q

Odds ratio used in ___ and ____ studies

A

Cross-sectional

Case control

23
Q

OR >1 indicates ____?

A

Subjects more likely to have been exposed to a given factor than healthy subjects

24
Q

“Risk ratio” definition

A

Risk for development of the disease among the exposed divided by the risk for development of disease among the non-exposed subjects

25
Q

Risk ratio used in ____ studies

A

Cohort/longitudinal

26
Q

RR >1 indicates _____?

A

Exposed subjects at greater risk for disease development

27
Q

RR <1 indicates ____?

A

Exposure is protective of disease development

28
Q

“Prognosis” definition

A

Predicting the course or outcome of a disease

29
Q

“Gingivitis” definition

A

Inflammation of the gingiva with no loss of periodontal attachment

30
Q

Prevalence of gingivitis in US? What study?

A

NHANES III

50%

31
Q

What groups are more susceptible to gingivitis?

A

Puberty, pregnancy, birth control pills, males

32
Q

What study showed that the “cause” of gingivitis is bacterial plaque?

A

Loe 1965 - Experimental gingivitis

33
Q

Prevalence of periodontitis in US? What study?

A

NHANES III

35% of adults 30+
22% mild
13% moderate-severe

34
Q

Prevalence of gingival recession in the US? 2 different age ranges

A

> 1mm GR in 38% of 30-39 year olds

90% of 80-90 years old

35
Q

4 ways of measuring periodontitis

A

1) Russll PI - no probe, underestimates prevalence
2) Ramfjord PDI - 3,9,12,19,25,28
3) BOP
4) Radiographic

36
Q

Prevalence of AgP?

A

LAP 0.53%

GAP 0.13%

37
Q

% of incidental attachment loss

A

1.61%

Textbook (17 decks)

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