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WSET Level 4 D5: Fortified Wine > 3.4: Port - Wine Law and Wine Business > Flashcards

3.4: Port - Wine Law and Wine Business Flashcards

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1
Q

How many landowners are there in Douro?

A

21,000 landowners

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2
Q

Of all the landowners in the Douro, what percentage owns less than .5 ha? Less than 5 ha?

A

.5 - 43%

5 - 92%

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3
Q

What do most growers do with their grapes?

A

sell their grapes to one of the medium or large producers or to a cooperative

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4
Q

What percentage of the total wine do cooperatives produce?

A

20%

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5
Q

How many producers produce significant volumes of port?

A

30-35

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6
Q

Who is the largest producer? What brand(s) do they own?

A
  • Porto Cruz

- owns: Grand Cruz

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7
Q

Who is the second largest producer? What brand(s) do they own?

A
  • Symington Family Estates

- owns: Cockburn’s, Dow’s, Graham’s and Warre’s amongst others

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8
Q

Who is the third largest producer? What brand(s) do they own?

A
  • Sogrape

- owns: Sandeman, Offley and Ferreira

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9
Q

Who is the fourth largest producer? What brand(s) do they own?

A
  • Fladgate

- owns: Taylor’s, Fonseca, Croft and Krohn

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10
Q

Who is the fifth largest producer? What brand(s) do they own?

A
  • Sogevinus

- owns: Burmester, Barros, Cálem and Kopke.

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11
Q

What is the IVDP?

A
  • Instituto dos Vinhos do Porto e do Douro
  • inter-professional body
  • controls and supervises the production and trade of wines in the Douro (both unfortified wines and Port)
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12
Q

When was the IVDP formed?

A

2003

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13
Q

What did the IVDP replace? What is its role?

A
  • IVP

- to govern and represent the interests of wine producers in the Douro

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14
Q

Name some of the responsibilities of the IVDP.

A
  • regulates the amount of Port that can be produced in any one year (the beneficio)
  • holds the register of vineyards as well as companies involved in wine production and shipping
  • controls the volume of Port that can be released onto the market in a year
  • analyses and tastes Port wines to ensure they meet the specifications of the different legally defined Port styles
  • has a role in the promotion of Port and unfortified wines from the Douro Valley
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15
Q

What is the max volume of Port that can be released onto the market in a year?

A

maximum of one third of a shipper’s total stocks

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16
Q

What is the beneficio?

A
  • highly regulated system that determines the amount of Port must (i.e. grape juice designated for Port) that can be produced in a year
  • also the amount of Port must that can be produced
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17
Q

Describe the beneficio system.

A
  • each vineyard parcel classified in terms of capacity to produce quality grapes for Port, considering factors such as location, altitude, aspect, soil and grape varieties planted
  • vineyard parcel receives a numerical value for each one of these factors
  • final total is used to give the parcel a letter
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18
Q

What does the beneficio system mean for two vineyards in neighbouring locations but planted with different grape varieties?

A

would likely gain different scores and possibly different letters

19
Q

Describe the beneficio rating system. What is the best rating? What does it mean? What is the worst rating?

A
  • parcels are given the letters A to I
  • the letter awarded determines the amount of Port wine that can be made from the parcel
  • ‘A’ denoting the vineyards of the highest quality and therefore those that can produce the most Port wine
  • vineyards with a rating below F cannot make Port wine, but can be used to make un-fortified wine or distilled into spirits
20
Q

Who agrees on the amount of must that can be produced each year? What factors are taken into consideration?

A
  • the growers, the producers and the IVDP

- market demand as well as the current stocks available in the market

21
Q

What is the main aim of the beneficio system?

A

to keep grape and wine prices stable through its influence on the balance of supply and demand

22
Q

How can land owners trade in the beneficio system?

A
  • each landowner given a card or certificate for each parcel of land that they own
  • legally permitted to trade their beneficio cards, provided that the grapes from the parcel of land are traded alongside the card (doesn’t always happen in practice)
23
Q

Who sets the prices of grapes used for Port? Why is this important?

A
  • the beneficio
  • vineyard owners can be certain of a set high price for their beneficio grapes, there is much incentive to give lesser quality grapes within any trading of beneficio cards, retaining the best quality grapes for selling outside the beneficio system
24
Q

How might Port producers raise the quality of their Port?

A
  • sometimes Port producers will substitute the inferior grapes they have received from beneficio trading with high quality grapes sourced from their own vineyards (that are not part of their beneficio allocation)
  • inferior grapes may be used or resold for un-fortified wines
25
Q

How common is beneficio trading?

A
  • a large amount of trading conducted each year

- many growers do not make their own Port and make their money purely through beneficio trading

26
Q

Who monitors and controls beneficio trading? How?

A
  • IVDP

- transactions and payments must be recorded by and made through the IVDP

27
Q

Why is the beneficio trading controversial today?

A

number of producers feel that it does not benefit the current industry

  • demand for Port has declined
  • the volume of Port permitted to be produced has been reduced to avoid oversupply
  • the total area of vineyards has been allowed to grow, leading to oversupply of grapes for unfortified Douro wines compared to market demand
  • prices for these grapes are not fixed by the beneficio the oversupply has led to very low prices
  • producers feel they are subsidising the industry for unfortified Douro wines by paying artificially high prices for Port grapes
28
Q

What is the general trend of Port sales?

A

After three decades of growth at the end of the 20th century, sales peaked at the millennium and have been steadily declining since

29
Q

What is the general trend of Port prices? Why?

A
  • an increase in average price
  • due to increasing sales of premium wines such as age-indicated Tawny Ports (increasing quality of production and effective marketing)
30
Q

How does the IVDP separate Port wines?

A

standard Ruby, Tawny, White and Rosé, and ‘Special Categories’

31
Q

What is included in the IVDP’s Special Categories?

A

Reserve Ruby, Tawny and White, Tawny and White with an Indication of Age, Colheita, Garrafeira, Vintage, Single Quinta, Crusted and LBV

32
Q

What percent of volume sales do Special Categories make up?

A

23%

33
Q

What percent of sales by value do Special Categories make up?

A

45% (more expensive)

34
Q

What percentage of Port is exported?

A

85%

35
Q

What is the largest export market for Port? What styles are mostly being consumed here?

A
  • France

- inexpensive styles of Port, which are drunk as an aperitif

36
Q

What is the second largest market for Port?

A

domestic Portuguese market

37
Q

What can the decline in sales volume of Port be attributed to?

A

dropping demand for inexpensive Port in markets such as France and Holland, as other beverages are increasingly being drank as aperitifs

38
Q

How are a number of Port producers diversifying? Give some examples of producers who are doing this.

A
  • still, unfortified wines

- Symington, Quinta do Noval, Ramos Pinto and Niepoort

39
Q

Give an example of a producer who is sticking to focusing solely on Port.

A

Taylor’s

40
Q

Name 3 things that many Port producers are hoping will increase demand.

A
  1. growing popularity of Douro wines, may introduce new consumers to Port wines particularly in countries which haven’t been traditional markets for Port
  2. Rosé and unaged White Ports also aim to bring new drinkers to the category
  3. premium red Ports in the hospitality sector
41
Q

How can Rose Ports be drunk?

A

as an aperitif but it is also marketed for use in cocktails

42
Q

How can White Ports be drunk? Why can it be quite positive for some consumers?

A
  • sometimes used in cocktails
  • often mixed with tonic as an aperitif
  • its lower alcohol concentration than many spirits and mixers (such as gin and tonic) may be a positive attribute for some consumers
43
Q

Give an example of a producer who is promoting premium red Ports in the hospitality sector.

A
  • Graham’s have launched a number of 4.5 L bottles of various Tawny Ports
  • can be presented to dining customers as a digestif
  • a perfect photo opportunity for sharing on social media

WSET Level 4 D5: Fortified Wine (23 decks)

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