34 Patho of CNS Disorders Flashcards
Hindbrain (3)
medulla, pons, cerebellum
Midbrain (1)
substantia nigra
Forebrain (higher structures) (4)
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia: striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
- limbic system: hippocampus, amygdala
- diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
Hindbrain
medulla (autonomic functions)
- includes centers for controlling ___ , ___ function , vasomotor responses, reflexes (coughing)
pons (Latin for bridge)
- relays signals from the ____ to the ___
cerebellum (little brain)
- governs motor coordination for producing ___ movements
- **undergoes neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ___ ***
- repiration, cardiac
- forebrain, cerebellum
- smooth
- ataxias
ataxias - disjointed or jerky movement
Midbrain - substantia nigra (SN)
SN pars ___
- provides input to the basal ganglia, supplies ___ to the striatum
- involved in ___ motor control and some cognitive funuctios
- undergoes ___ in PD
SN pars ___ has an output function, relays signals from the basal ganglia to the thalamus
compacta
- dopamine
- voluntary
- neurodegeneration
reticulata
Forebrain
cortex (cerebrum)
- involved in processing and interpreting information
basal ganglia: striatum (caudate and putamen), globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus
- ___ motor control, some ___ functions
limbic system
- emotions ( ___ ) , memory ( ___ )
diencephalon
- thalamus: “ ___ ___ “ to and from the cortex
- hypothalamus: regulates internal ___ and ___ , hormonal control (through the ___ gland) and direct neural regulation
- voluntary, cognitive
- amygdala, hippocampus
- relay station
- homeostasis, emotions
- pituitary
the cortex is involved in ___ making, higher level functions
- our senses receive information about the environment, which is passed through the ___, to the ___ and back
- decisions are made in these ___ - ___ loops about how to interpret and act on the incoming sensory information
- damage to the cortex can affect ___ , ___ , and ____
- ___ is considered a disease of the frontal cortex
- decision
- thalamus, cortex
- cortico-thalamic
- movement, speech, personality
- schizophrenia
which of the following brain structures is directly involved in controlling involuntary functions
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) medulla oblongata
D) A, B, and C
E) A and C
E) A and C
hypothalamus and medulla oblongata
Roles of glial cells
Astrocytes
- provide neurons with ____ factors and ___
- remove excess ___ (excitotoxic neurotransmitter)
- support the ___
- growth, antioxidants
- glutamate
- BBB
Roles of glial cells
Oligodendrocytes
- produce ___ that insulates axons
- myelin sheath
Roles of glial cells
Microglia
- provide ___ factors
- clear debris by ___
- role in ___
- growth
- phagocytosis
- neuroinflammation
immune cells of the brain kinda like macrophages
the BBB is stabilized by ___ in the endothelial cell layer of the blood vessels in the brain
tight junctions
neurotransmission involves a release of synaptic vesicles from boutons into the synaptic cleft
neurotransmission is triggered by electrical ___ of th neuron (influx of ___ ions that changes the charge polarity of the membrane)
depolarization
Na
Normal Action Potential
- lasts 0.2-0.5 msec
refractory period - period ___ action potential ( ___ phase) during which a neuron will not fire again
after
hyperpolarized
Neuron firing (action potentials)
excitatory, ___
- action potentials occur more frequently
inhibitory, ___
- action potentials occur less frequently
action potentials for a single neuron are always of the same ___ (all or none)
the current carried by a nerve fiber (bundle of axons) is greater as a result of ___
depolarizing
polarizing
- magnitude
- summation
excitatory neurotransmitters induce EPSPs
EPSP - excitatory postsynaptic potential ( ___ depolarization peak)
- excitatory neurotransmitter acts on an ionotropic receptor, allowing ___ ions to cross the membrane
- an increase in the strength of the stimulus will increase the magnitude of the ___ , so that the threshold depolarization to trigger an action potential is achieved
- subthreshold
- Na
- depolarization
raising basket ball court to make it easier to make a basket
inhibitory neurotransmitters induce IPSP
IPSP - inhibitory post-synaptic potential
- inhibitory neurotransmitter induces hyperpolarization by allowing ___ ions to cross the membrane
- an IPSP can decrease the magnitude of a subsequent ____
- Cl
- EPSP
- agonists, antagonists, partial agonist and synaptic receptors ( ___ )
- enzymatic metabolism ( ___ , ___ )
- transport into the presynaptic neuron or a neighboring glial cell ( ___ )
8
4, 7
6
common amio acid neurotransmitters (3)
- GABA
- glycine
- glutamate
GABA transmission
GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)
- major ___ neurotransmitter in the brain
- ___ neuronal excitability by increasing the flux of ___ ions into the neuron
- there are GABA-A and GABA-B receptors
- drugs that interact with GABA pathways are generally CNS ___ and include: benzodiazepines, barbiturates, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics
glycine: similar to GABA, but acts in the ___
- inhibitory
- depresses, Cl
- depressants
spinal cord
Glutamte transmission
- major ___ aa neurotransmitter in the brain
- excess glutamate can cause neuronal damage by allowing excessive Ca influx into the neuron
- glutamate receptors are ___ (GPCRs) or ___ (NMDA and AMPA)
- excitatory
- Ca
- metabotropic, ionotropic
common non-amino acid neurotransmitters (4)
- acetylcholine (ACh)
- dopamine (DA)
- norepinephrine (NE)
- serotonin (5-HT)
acetylcholline trasmission
- both muscarinic (M1-M5) and nicotinic receptors (as in the periphery)
- drugs targeting ACh are ___ inhibitors (e.g. Aricept)
cholinesterase
dopamine transmission
- drug targets D1-D5 receptors ( ___ ) and the dopamine transporter (DAT)
- DA neurons arise from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the SN
- drugs that ___ DAT and ____ extracellular DA (amphetamine or cocaine) can produce euphoria and lead to addiction
- **excessive dopaminergic signaling may be involved in ___ **
- **loss of DA neurons in the ___ is responsible for ___ **
drugs that interact with DA pathways include:
- antipsychotics ( ___ receptor antagonists)
- D2/D3 and D1 receptor ___ for PD
- GPCRs
- block, increase
- schizophrenia
- SN, PD
- D2
- agonists
Norepinephrine transmission
- drug targets the ___ and ___ adrenergic receptors (GPCRs) and the norepinephrine transporter (NET)
- NE axons arise from the locus coeruleus in the ___ region
- **NET inhibitors are used to treat ___ **
- alpha, beta
- pons
- depression
Serotonin transmission
- drug targets are serotonin receptors (14 GPCRs and one gated ion channel) and the serotonin transporter (SERT)
- 5-HT axons arise from a group of cell bodies called the ___ nuclei
- serotonin systems are involved in ___ , vigilance, mood, and ___ function
drugs that interact with 5-HT receptors include
- 5-HT ___ - antagonists as atypical antipsychotics
- 5-HT ___ - agonists for migraine
- ___ uptake inhibitors for depression
- 5-HT2A ___ are hallucinogenic (LSD)
- raphe
- sleep, sexual
- 2A
- 1D
- SERT
- agonists
