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Bio > 3.3.4.1 mass transport in animals > Flashcards

3.3.4.1 mass transport in animals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulatory system

A

General pattern of blood circulation in a mammal

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2
Q

Closed double circulatory system

A

Blood passes through heart twice for each complete circulation of body

Pulmonary circulation - deoxygenated blood in right side of heart pumped to lungs > oxygenated blood returns to left side of heart

Systemic circulation - oxygenated blood in left side of heart pumped to tissues/organs of body > deoxygenated blood returns to right side

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3
Q

Importance of closed double circulatory system in mammals

A

Prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood > so blood pumped to body is fully saturated with oxygen > efficient delivery of oxygen and glucose for respiration

Blood can be pumped at a higher pressure > substances taken to and removed from the body cells quicker and more efficiently.

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4
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Deliver oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle

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5
Q

Aorta

A

Takes oxygenated blood from heart > respiring tissues

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6
Q

Vena cava

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from respiring tissues > heart

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7
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from the heart > heart

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8
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Takes oxygenated blood from the lungs > heart

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9
Q

Renal arteries

A

Takes deoxygenated blood > kidneys

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10
Q

Renal veins

A

Takes deoxygenated blood > vena cava from the kidneys

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11
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Prevents back flow of blood from ventricles to atria

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12
Q

Semi lunar valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood from arteries to ventricles

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13
Q

How the structure of heart relates to function

A

Atrioventricular valves

Semi lunar valves

Left has a thicker muscular wall

  • generates higher blood pressure
  • oxygenated blood has to travel greater distance around the whole body

Right has a thinner muscular wall

  • generates lower blood pressure
  • for deoxygenated blood to travel a small distance to the lungs where high pressure would damage alveoli
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14
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from heart to rest of body at high pressure

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15
Q

Arteries structure

A

Thick smooth muscle layer

  • contracts pushing blood along
  • maintains blood pressure

Elastic tissue layer

  • stretches as ventricles contract (when under high pressure) and recoil as ventricle relaxes (when under low pressure)
  • evens out blood pressure and maintains high pressure

Thick wall
- withstands high pressure and prevents artery bursting

Smooth and thin endothelium
- reduces friction

Narrow lumen
- increases and maintains high blood pressure

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

Division of arteries to smaller vessels which can direct blood to different capillaries

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17
Q

Arterioles structure

A

Thicker muscle layer than arteries

  • constricts to reduce blood flow by narrowing lumen
  • dilates to increase blood flow by enlarging lumen

Thinner elastic layer as lower pressure surges

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18
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to heart under lower pressure

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19
Q

Veins structure

A

Wider lumen than arteries

Very little elastic and muscle tissue

Valves prevent back flow of blood

Contraction of skeletal muscles squeezes veins, maintaining blood flow

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20
Q

Structure of capillaries and importance of capillary beds as exchange surfaces

A

Capillary wall is 1 cell thick > short diffusion path > rapid diffusion

Capillary bed is made of a large network of branched capillaries > increased SA > rapid diffusion

Narrow lumen > reduces flow rate so more time for diffusion

Capillaries permeate tissues > short diffusion pathway

Pores in walls between cells > allows substances to escape

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21
Q

Capillaries

A

Allow the efficient exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissue fluid

22
Q

Tissue fluid

A

Fluid surrounding cells/tissues

Provides respiring cells with water/glucose/amino acids

Enables waste substances to move back into blood

23
Q

Formation of tissue fluid

A

At atrioles at end of capillaries

  • higher hydrostatic pressure inside capillaries (due to contraction of left ventricle)
  • forces fluid out of capillaries, into spaces around cells
  • large plasma proteins remain in capillary as too large to leave
24
Q

Return of tissue fluid to the circulatory system

A

Towards venue end of capillaries

Hydrostatic pressure reduces as fluid leaves capillary

(Due to water loss) an increasing concentration of plasma proteins lowers water potential in capillary below the water potential of the tissue fluid

Water re-enters capillaries from the tissue fluid by osmosis down a water potential gradient

Excess water taken up by lymph system and is returned to the circulatory system through veins in the neck

25
Q

Causes of accumulation of tissue fluid

A

Low concentration of protein in blood plasma

  • water potential in capillary not as low so water potential gradient is reduced
  • more tissue fluid formed at arteriole end

High blood pressure can lead to an accumulation of tissue fluid

  • high blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure
  • increases outward pressure from arterial end of capillary
  • so more tissue fluid formed
  • and the lymph system is not able to drain tissues fast enough
26
Q

Atrial systole

A

Atria contract > decreasing volume and increasing pressure inside atria

Atrioventricular valves forced open
- when pressure inside atria > pressure inside ventricles, atrioventricular valves open

Blood pushed into ventricles

27
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles contract from the bottom up > decreasing volume and increasing pressure inside ventricles

Semilunar valves forced open
- when pressure inside ventricles > pressure inside arteries

Atrioventricular valves shut
- when pressure inside ventricles > pressure inside atria

Blood pushed out of heart through arteries

28
Q

Diastole

A

Atria and ventricles relax > increasing volume and decreasing pressure inside chambers

Blood from veins fills atria (increasing pressure inside atria) and flows passively to ventricles

Atrioventricular valves open
- when pressure inside atria > pressure inside ventricles, blood flows passively to ventricles

Semilunar valves shut
- when pressure inside arteries > pressure inside ventricles

29
Q

Cardiac output calc

A

= stroke volume x heart rate

30
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

31
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped by the ventricles in each heart beat

32
Q

Heart rate

A

Number of beats per minute

33
Q

Calculating heart beat from cardiac cycle

A

One beat = one cardiac cycle

Find length of one cardiac cycle

HR = 60 secs / length of one cycle in secs

34
Q

Semilunar valves closed

A

When pressure in aorta/pulmonary artery is higher than in ventricle > prevents back flow of blood from arteries to ventricles

35
Q

Semilunar valve open

A

When pressure in ventricle is higher than in aorta/pulmonary artery > blood flows from ventricle to aorta

36
Q

Atrioventricular valve closed

A

When pressure in atrium is higher than in ventricle > prevents back flow of blood from ventricle to atrium

37
Q

Atrioventricular valve open

A

When pressure higher in ventricle than atrium > blood flows from ventricle to atrium

38
Q

CHD

A

Associated with atherosclerosis and atheroma formation

39
Q

How an atheroma can result in a heart attack

A

Atheroma causes narrowing of coronary arteries

Restricts blood flow to heart muscle supplying glucose, oxygen etc

Heart anaerobically respires > less ATP produced > not getting enough energy for heart to contract > lactate produced > damages heart tissue

40
Q

Risk factor of CHD/atheroma

A

Age

Diet high in salt or saturated fat

High consumption of alcohol

Stressful lifecycle

Smoking cigarettes

Genetic factors

High blood pressure increases risk of damage to endothelium of artery wall which increases risk of atheroma which can cause blood clots (thrombosis)

41
Q

Data interpretation questions

A

Describe overall trend

  • pos/neg correlation
  • linear

Describe most obvious trend

Manipulate data to support your statements

  • calculations
  • work out difference from two points
  • work out how many times greater
  • work out percentage change
42
Q

Evaluating study design, things to consider

A

Small sample size

Take into account other variables that could have affected results

Used similar groups e.g. age, gender

Way in which info collected e.g. questionnaires may be unreliable as people lie or give inaccurate information

Results reproduced by other scientists by carrying out more studies and collecting more results

43
Q

Correlations and causal relationships

A

Correlation - relationship between two variables

Causation - a change in one variable will directly cause a change in the other variable

However, correlation does not mean there’s a causal relationship, may be another variable that causes both of these variables to change

44
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Group of chemically similar molecules found in many organisms
-chemical structure may differ between organisms e.g. due to diff sequence of amino acids in primary structure

Found in red blood cells (erythrocytes)

  • no nucleus for more haemoglobin
  • biconcave shape increases SA for rapid diffusion of oxygen
45
Q

Haemoglobin structure

A

Quaternary structured protein - 4 polypeptide chains wound around each other

Each polypeptide chain contains a haem group containing an iron ion which combines with oxygen

46
Q

How oxygen is loaded, transported and unloaded in blood

A

Haemoglobin in red blood cells transports oxygen
- can carry 4 oxygen molecules, one at each haem group

In lungs, at a high pO2, haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen > oxygen readily loads with haemoglobin

At respiring tissues, at a low pO2, oxygen readily unloads from haemoglobin
- concentration of CO2 is high, increasing the rate of unloading (Bohr effect)

47
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

At high pO2, haemoglobin is saturated with O2

At low pO2, haemoglobin is less saturated with O2

The cooperative nature of oxygen binding - why the graph is ‘s’ shaped

48
Q

Dissociation curve reasons

A

Haemoglobin has a low affinity as the 1st oxygen molecule binds
- so from 0% saturation, an increase in pO2 results in a slow increase in saturation (shallow gradient)

After the 1st oxygen molecule binds, the shape of haemoglobin changes to make it easier for the 2nd and 3rd oxygen molecules to bind (so haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen)
- rate of increase in % saturation increases as pO2, further increases (steep gradient)

After the 3rd molecule binds, and haemoglobin becomes saturated, shape of haemoglobin changes in a way that makes it harder for other molecules to bind too
- at a high pO2, the rate increase in % saturation decreases

49
Q

Effects of CO2 concentration on dissociation of oxyhaemoglobin- Bohr effect

A

When rate of respiration is high e.g. during exercise > releases CO2

High pCO2 lowers pH and reduces haemoglobins affinity for oxygen as haemoglobin changes shape
- increases rate of oxygen unloading

Advantageous because provides more oxygen for muscles for aerobic respiration

Oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin shifts to the right

50
Q

Curve shifted left

A

Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen

More oxygen associates with haemoglobin more readily (in lungs) at the lower pO2 but dissociates less readily

Advantageous to organisms such as a those living in high altitudes, underground or foetuses

51
Q

Curve shifted right

A

Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen

Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin more readily to respiring cells at a higher pO2 but associates less readily

Advantageous to organisms such as those with high rate of respiration (metabolic rate) e.g. small/active organisms

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