331 TOEFL Word List (Cram) Flashcards
administer
[T] 1 to give, (syns.) to dispense, mete out: The doctor administered medicine to the patient. 2 to manage, supervise: She ~ed the committee meeting to make sure that everything worked smoothly.
injection
n. [] a liquid passed through a needle or small opening: My car’s engine gets an ~ of gas when I step on the pedal. Thesaurus: a shot of s.t./ vaccination, immunization, inoculation
interpret
1 [] to translate (usu. orally) from one language into another: She ~s the French museum guide’s words for American tourists. 2 [T] to decide on the meaning of s.t. that is not very clear: I ~ your nod to mean that you agree with me. 3 [T] to show one’s own artistic ideas and ability through painting, music, writing, etc.: She is a violinist who ~s Bach brilliantly. Thesaurus: 1 to explain to, decipher 2 to understand, read, construe frml. Ant. to misinterpret
alleviate
frml. [T] –ated, –ating, –ates to make less difficult (painful, etc.), (syn.) to relieve: The medicine ~d the pain.
aspire
frml. [I] –pired, –piring, –pires to desire strongly, hope to do or to be: He ~s to be a great actor someday.
hinder
[T] to slow the progress of s.t., (syn.) to impede: Lack of modern equipment ~s efficient manufacturing.
unsure
adj. 1 not sure, uncertain: I am ~; I think it might rain today. 2 unsure of oneself: insecure, lacking confidence in oneself: When I play golf, I am ~ of myself, because I can’t hit the ball very well.
significance
n. [U] 1 the importance of s.t.: The end of the war was an event of great ~. 2 the meaning of s.t.: I don’t understand the ~ of your wearing black all the time; are you sad? Thesaurus: 1 consequence 2 the point, implication
application
n. 1 [C] a document or blank form for writing down information for a specific purpose, such as requesting a job or a loan: I filled out an ~ for a job at the factory. 2 [C] a use in s.t.: Mathematics has ~s in science. 3 [] the act of putting s.t. on: An ~ of paint improved the appearance of the house. Thesaurus: 1 a request for (job, driver’s license) 2 the relevance to (or) of, suitability of 3 spreading on, a treatment with (paint, face cream)
closure
n. [] frml. a finish of s.t., (syn.) a conclusion: We achieved ~ on an agreement after months of talks.
ambiguity
n. [] when something has more than one possible meaning: Legal documents must be free of ~.
emphasis
n. –ses /siz/ special importance placed on s.t.: She put great ~ on beginning work immediately.
exterior
n. 1 the outside of s.t., surface: The ~ of the house needs painting. 2 appearance, looks: He has a rough ~, but inside, he has a heart of gold. adj. outside: The ~ walls of the building are made of glass and steel.
effectively
ad 1 in a way that is successful and achieves what you want: Teachers need to be able to communicate ideas ~. 2 used when you describe what the real result of a situation is: His illness ~ ended his career.
ruin
[T] 1 to damage s.t., make s.t. no longer useful: She spilled coffee on her white silk dress and ~ed it. 2 to spoil s.t., to take the fun or usefulness out of s.t., esp. an event: His stupid behavior ~ed our party. 3 to destroy s.t., such as breaking, burning, or knocking s.t. down: A fire ~ed everything inside the museum. 4 to cause s.o. to lose all of his or her money: The stock market crash ~ed him, so he has no money. n. 1 [] a state of destruction, anything unusable because of damage: After the fire, the museum lay in ~s. 2 broken parts of historical buildings that still exist after thousands of years: We went to Greece to see the ~s of ancient temples.
pertain
[I] to belong or be related to s.t.: These financial records ~ to this year’s tax returns.
impact
n. 1 a forceful contact: The meteor made a large ~ when it crashed to earth. 2 effect, impression: Poverty has a bad ~ on people’s health. infrml. [] to affect: Lack of food ~ed the starving nation. Thesaurus: 1 a shock, jolt, collision 2 an influence
evoke
[T] evoked, evoking, evokes to bring out a feeling, response, (syn.) to elicit: The poetry ~d a feeling of love in the reader.
penetrate
–trated, –trating, –trates 1 [] to pass or cut a way into or through: The child cried as the doctor’s needle ~d his skin.||Searchlights ~d the darkness. 2 [T] to break or enter into with force: The army ~d the city’s walls. 3 [T] to see into, understand, esp. s.t. difficult: A spy ~d the secrets of the Defense Department. 4 [] to spread through s.t., (syn.) to permeate: The smell of frying fish ~d the hallway.
conservative
adj. 1 having a political view toward keeping old and often proven ways of doing things: In the USA, Republicans are the ~ party. 2 slow to change, cautious 3 not too much or too high: She is ~ in her spending.||He made a ~ estimate of the costs. 4 not showy, restrained in manner and dress: Tomiko is a banker who wears a ~ business suit to work. n. a person who is a ~ Thesaurus: 2 conventional, old–fashioned, wary 3 careful, prudent, moderate 4 traditional, dark– colored. Ant. showy
emphasis
n. –ses /siz/ special importance placed on s.t.: She put great ~ on beginning work immediately.
vital
adj. 1 most important, absolutely necessary: Water is ~ to life. 2 energetic, lively: She has a ~ personality. n.pl. ~s important organs, such as the heart, lungs, and digestive system: His ~s are in bad condition.
staunch
adj. firm, dedicated: a ~ supporter of the political party [T] to stop or slow bleeding: We ~ed the flow of blood with a shirt until we could get to the hospital.
judiciary
n. –ies 1 the court system: The ~ is a branch of government. 2 judges as a group
legendary
adj. 1 based on legend, (syn.) mythical: ~ stories are passed down from parents to children. 2 famous, (syn.) renowned: Great Olympic athletes have become ~.
foresee
[T] –saw /s/, –seen /sin/, –seeing, –sees to have knowledge of future events, (syns.) to predict, foretell: She ~(past) the troubles ahead and took steps to avoid them.
repercussion
n. a reaction to s.t., esp. bad events: When he yelled at his boss, the repercussion was that he was fired.
miscellany
n. Thesaurus: assortment– a group of different types of something
dimension
n. 1 [C] a measurement of s.t. in one direction: The ~s of a room (package, building lot, etc.) are its length, width, and depth (or height). 2 [] size: a problem of great ~
innovation
n. [] s.t. new made or improved with creativity: Cellular telephones were an ~ in the 1990s, but now they are very common.
representative
n. 1 a person who represents s.o. or s.t.: She is a sales ~ for a large company. 2 a member of the US House of Representatives: We will elect a new ~ in the next election. adj. meaning, showing, or illustrating s.t.: Many of Renoir’s paintings are ~ of French Impressionism. Thesaurus: 1 an agent, associate/ delegate 2 a congressman, congresswoman, legislator –adj. typical, characteristic of s.o. or s.t. Ant. atypical
subsidize
[T] –dized, –dizing, –dizes to give money to a person, group, or business that is not self–supporting: The City Opera is ~d by individual and corporate donations.
render
[T] 1 to give s.t. or do s.t., (syn.) to provide: That store ~s good service to its customers. 2 to give in return as payment: He ~ed thanks to God for his health and his family. 3 to put into another language, translate: It is difficult to ~ poetry into another language. 4 to cause a change, make s.t. become true: He was ~ed speechless when his sister told him she was having a baby.||She was ~ed helpless when she broke her leg. 5 frml. to give an opinion or decision: The judge will ~ his decision tomorrow. 6 to draw s.t., to sketch: I had an artist ~ a picture of my house to put in the paper since the house is for sale.
spearhead
[T] to lead an attack or series of actions: to ~ a campaign
infuse
1 [T] to fill someone or something with a lot of a particular emotion or quality: His work is ~d with a love for tradition. 2 [I,T] to put something into a liquid so that its taste goes into the liquid
overwhelming
adj. very strong in effect or large in amount: They won by an ~ majority.
evidence
n. 1 [U] words or objects that support the truth of s.t., proof: The lawyer presented the murder weapon as ~ in court. 2 present and easily seen: There were reporters in ~ at the scene of the crime. frml. [T] –denced, –dencing, –dences to show, demonstrate: The murder suspect ~d surprise upon seeing the weapon in court. Thesaurus: 1 support, confirmation/facts, data – to display, express
unanimous
adj. completely in agreement: Everyone on the committee agreed in a ~ decision.
prophetic
adj. related to predicting the future, esp. by inspiration of God: She made a ~ prediction that a woman would soon become President.
intangible
adj. not able to be felt with touch, sight, or hearing, but still sensed: My grandmother, who died last year, is an ~ presence in my life.
indispensable
adj. necessary, essential: Warm clothing is ~ in cold weather.
witness
[T] –nesses 1 to see, observe an incident: He ~ed the auto accident and wrote a report. 2 to sign a document as a witness: They asked me to ~ their contract. n. 1 a person who saw s.t. and can tell about it, (syn.) an observer: I was a ~ to the accident. 2 a person who attests or certifies that s.t. is real or genuine: I signed as a ~ to the authenticity of the will.
intentional
adj. done on purpose, (syn.) deliberate: Meeting for dinner at a vegetarian restaurant was ~; I am a vegetarian. –ad ~ly
relentless
adj. 1 without stopping, (syn.) persistent: The sound of the rain was ~ for hours on the roof. –ad ~ly 2 trying very hard to succeed, esp. to hurt s.o., (syn.) pitiless: The politician suffered ~ criticism from the press after she was elected.
seeming
adj. appearing obvious or true, but maybe not so: His~ reaction was happiness, but I think the smile hid tears. –ad ~ly
respectively
ad in that order, (syn.) consecutively: He likes coffee and tea, black and with cream, respectively.
evoke
[T] evoked, evoking, evokes to bring out a feeling, response, (syn.) to elicit: The poetry ~d a feeling of love in the reader.
facilitate
[T] –tated, –tating, –tates to help, (syn.) to expedite: The tourist office sent us a guide who ~d our travel through Japan.
encompass
[T] 1 to include: My history course ~es the 19th and 20th centuries. 2 frml. to encircle, surround: The wall ~es the entire college campus.
grasp
[T] 1 to hold firmly, take hold of: I ~ed the door handle with both hands and pulled hard. 2 to succeed in understanding s.t. often complex: After reading the text again, I finally ~ed the main points of the story. n. 1 a firm hold on s.t.: I got a ~ on the stuck faucet and forced it open. 2 understanding, comprehension: She has a good ~ of the facts in the situation.||This problem is beyond her ~. Thesaurus: – 1 to seize, grab, grip s.t. Ant. to let loose 2 to comprehend, catch on to s.t./get it infrml. Ant. to not nderstand –n.1 a grip, handhold. Ant. a slip 2. knowledge, mastery. Ant. ignorance 1
involved
adj. 1 with many complex details, (syn.) intricate: That mystery novel is very ~; I can’t explain the plot in five minutes. 2 with s.o. romantically: Are you two ~? I thought you were just friends! 3 participating in: He was ~ in a car accident in which the other driver was drunk.
subjective
adj. related to personal feeling and opinion, rather than facts: He must be ~ about the difficult girl; she’s his daughter and he loves her.
objective
adj. 1 not influenced by emotions or personal beliefs, fair, (syn.) impartial: The economist gave an ~ report of the economy’s problems. 2 existing outside the mind, real: People, buildings, and streets are part of ~ reality, not imagined. n. a goal, purpose: Our ~ in doing market research is to develop useful new products.
indispensable
adj. necessary, essential: Warm clothing is ~ in cold weather.
diligent
adj. hard–working, (syns.) persevering, dedicated: He raised his grades by being a very ~ student.
unsatisfactory
adj. unacceptable, not meeting standards: We received an ~ offer for the property, so we didn’t sell it. Thesaurus: unsuitable, inappropriate
pertain to
[I] to belong or be related to s.t.: These financial records ~ ~ this year’s tax returns.
reflect on
1 [T] s.o. or s.t.: to affect the quality or reputation of: Students who do well on exams ~ well ~ thir teachers. 2 [I] s.t.: to think deeply about, (syn.) to ponder: An old man ~ed ~ what he had done in his lifetime.
collude
[I] to do something secretly with another person or group, in order to deceive or cheat others: The company ~ with competitors to fix prices.
relegate
frml. [T] –gated, –gating, –gates to move s.t. to a lower position, throw away, (syns.) to dismiss, discard: After his old car broke down five times, he ~d it to the junkyard.
contemplate
frml. [T] –plated, –plating, –plates 1 to think about s.t. seriously: The manager ~d the results of the report for hours. 2 to look forward to, (syn.) to anticipate: She ~s a good future in business after her graduation from college.
utilize
[T] –lized, –lizing, –lizes to use, to bring into use: We ~d an old building to store our business files.
intimidate
[T] –dated, –dating, –dates to make s.o. fearful or timid by showing power or making threats: An older boy ~d the little children when he took their lunch money.
formidable
adj. strong, difficult to defeat, (syn.) daunting: The people of that country must overcome ~ obstacles to win their freedom.
horrendous
adj. extreme, terrible: He is having ~ difficulty with his health.
rugged
adj. 1 hilly, referring to land that is difficult to travel over: The Rocky Mountains have ~ mountains and roads. 2 strong, healthy, (syn.) vigorous: Football players must be ~.
diligent
adj. hard–working, (syns.) persevering, dedicated: He raised his grades by being a very ~ student.
accusation
n. a charge of crime or wrongdoing, (syn.) an indictment: The judge read ~s of theft to the criminal.
recognize
[T] –nized, –nizing, –nizes 1 to recall, remember s.o. or s.t. when one sees or hears that person or thing: I ~d an old friend in a crowd and waved to her. 2 in a formal meeting, to give s.o. a chance to speak: The chairwoman ~d me and I told the committee my opinion. Thesaurus: 1 to notice s.o., spot s.o. infrml., identify s.o. 2 to acknowledge s.o.
predisposition
n [C] when you are likely to have a medical problem or to behave in a particular way: People with a ~ to heart disease
implication
n. 1 [U] an indication of participation or involvement of others, esp. in a crime: The woman’s ~ of her brother sent him to jail. 2 [C] an indirect suggestion: John made ~s that Mr. Lu had faked his wife’s signature.
tension
n. 1 [] a state of stress, nervousness: The ~ in a hospital emergency room can be very high. 2 tautness, rigidity: The ~ in steel bridge cables is measured after they are installed.
imitation
n. 1 [C] a copy, a duplication, esp. a fake copy: She bought an ~ of a famous painting. 2 [] copying of s.o.’s behavior: My friend does a funny ~ of me.
exclusive
adj. 1 limited to people with a lot of money and high social position, (syns.) restricted, prestigious: an ~ club||an ~ neighborhood 2 belonging to one person, company, or contract: Our company has the ~ rights to distribute that product. 3 ~ of: not including or considering n.fig. a sole right: We have an ~ on that product; no one else can sell it.
apparent
adj. obvious, clear: He’s very unhappy, and it is ~ that he wants to leave now. Thesaurus: evident, noticeable. Ant. unclear
resolution
n. 1 [C] a solution to a problem, result of an action: Diplomats tried to find a ~ to the problems between their countries. 2 [U] the quality of believing s.t. strongly and not changing one’s mind: Everyone admired his ~ when he quit smoking and never touched another cigarette.
narrative
adj. related to storytelling, in the form of a story: a ~ tale n. a story, a description of events: The police asked her for a ~ of her activities the day of the murder.
loyalty
n. [] –ties faithfulness, devotion, (syn.) allegiance: The ~ of dogs to their owners is well–known. Thesaurus: trustworthiness, reliability, fidelity frml.
reverence
n. 1 [U] great admiration: The child looked up at his father with ~. 2 [U] respect for s.t. as sacred, holy, worthy to be worshiped: Religious people have ~ for their church.
devotion
n. [U] 1 dedication, loyalty: The soldier won praise for his ~ to duty. 2 loving attention: She is full of ~ to her family.
abstract
adj. 1 related to ideas, feelings, etc. (not concrete things): “Beauty” and “truth” are ~ ideas. 2 unclear, vague: He has ~ ideas about what to do, but no specific thoughts.
influential
adj. having a lot of influence: an ~ figure in modern jazz
legendary
adj. 1 based on legend, (syn.) mythical: ~ stories are passed down from parents to children. 2 famous, (syn.) renowned: Great Olympic athletes have become ~.
apparently
adj. 1 used to say that you have read or been told something although you are not certain it is true: ~ it’s going to rain today. 2 used to say that something seems to be true, although it is not certain: There were two ~ unrelated deaths.
inevitably
adj. necessarily There was an accident on the way. ~, the bus was late.
extent
n.sing. [U] an amount, degree: Inflation has slowed to a great (small, certain, etc.) ~.
fortitude
n. [U] courage in the face of difficulties: He showed ~ in his battle against cancer.
magnitude
n. [U] 1 the size or importance of s.t.: The economy is slowing down, but economists don’t know the ~ of this change yet. 2 (in science) the degree of brightness of a star or force of an earthquake: The ~ of the earthquake in California was 5.0 on the Richter scale.
essence
n. 1 [U] the central point (issue, idea, etc.) of a subject, its substance: The ~ of the matter is that the two people really love each other. 2 [] a pure substance made by crushing or boiling s.t., (syns.) a concentrate, an extract: The liquid from crushed rose petals is the ~ we use.
grasp
[T] 1 to hold firmly, take hold of: I ~ed the door handle with both hands and pulled hard. 2 to succeed in understanding s.t. often complex: After reading the text again, I finally ~ed the main points of the story.
vague
adj. vaguer, vaguest unclear, (syn.) inexplicit: He has some ~ ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.
blockage
n. [] s.t. that prevents flow or movement, (syn.) an obstruction: That man had a ~ in a blood vessel and almost had a heart attack.
hurdle
n. 1 a low barrier: Runners jump over ~s. 2 an obstacle, (syn.) hindrance: In starting a new company, many ~s must be crossed. [T] –dled, –dling, –dles to jump over a ~ or other barrier: The runner ~d the fence.
overpower
[T] 1 to defeat s.o. by greater power: Police ~ed the criminal and took him away. 2 to be too strong for one’s feelings or senses, make one feel helpless: The smell of the garbage ~ed me.
retain
[T] 1 to keep s.t., maintain possession of s.t.: The wife ~ed most of her dead husband’s property, but some went to the children. 2 to pay a professional for services: When his neighbor drove a car into his house, he ~ed a lawyer.
subdue
[T] –dued, –duing, –dues 1 to beat, (syn.) to conquer: The army ~d the enemy. 2 to make calmer or quieter: He ~d the screaming baby with soft music.
crucial
adj. extremely important, (syns.) critical, decisive: It is of ~ importance that we sign that contract for our future success.
diplomatic
adj. 1 related to diplomacy: a ~ service (mission, channel, corps, etc.) 2 showing skill at handling people sensitively: She gave a ~ response to a hostile question and brought calm to the situation.
impede
[T] –peded, –peding, –pedes to get in the way of, slow down: A large ship in the port ~d the movement of many smaller boats.
hinder
[T] to slow the progress of s.t., (syn.) to impede: Lack of modern equipment ~s efficient manufacturing.
differentiate
–ated, –ating, –ates 1 [] to describe or show differences: The speaker ~d between a partnership and a corporation as types of business ownership. 2 [] to see, or (syn.) to discern, differences: These two plans seem the same; I can’t ~ between them. 3 [T] to make (develop, manufacture, etc.) differences: We have ~d our product from the competition by its higher quality.
distinguish
–es 1 [] to see or understand differences, (syn.) to discriminate: That child cannot ~ between right and wrong! 2 [T] to show as different, set apart: What ~es our company from our competitors is our excellent record of customer satisfaction. 3 [T] to distinguish oneself: to gain notice, honor, or respect: He ~ed himself as a leading writer of books.
embody
[T] –ied, –ying, –ies to express, symbolize: The Statue of Liberty ~ies the hope of a better life for all.
encompass
[T] 1 to include: My history course ~es the 19th and 20th centuries. 2 frml. to encircle, surround: The wall ~es the entire college campus.
inaugurate
[T] –rated, –rating, –rates 1 to put in public office with a ceremony: The governor was ~d two months after her election. 2 to open, begin with a ceremony: A jazz band ~d the festivities with a lively song.
condense
–densed, –densing, –denses 1 [T] to shorten: The writer ~d his letter from six pages to two pages. 2 [T] to make thicker, esp. by removing water 3 [] to form liquid from a gas: Moisture ~d (out of the air) on the window.
alleviate
frml. [T] –ated, –ating, –ates to make less difficult (painful, etc.), (syn.) to relieve: The medicine ~d the pain.
discredit
[T] 1 to show that s.t. is of little or no truth or value: Scientists have ~ed many popular beliefs, like the belief the world was flat. 2 to cause a loss of trust or belief (in s.o.): After the scandal, the Minister was ~ed and he then resigned from the government.
diligence
n. [U] continuous effort and dedication, esp. to one’s work, (syn.) perseverance: She works with ~ because she loves her work.
disparage
[T] –aged, –aging, –ages to speak of (s.o. or s.t.) as having little value or importance, (syn.) to belittle: He called his opponent a fool and ~d his abilities.
distinctive
adj. different from others, special: Spices give that dish its ~ flavor.
detrimental
adj. to the detriment of sth: a ~ effect
preeminent
adj.frml. outstanding, most famous: She is the ~ soprano in the opera today.
emblem
n. a sign or symbol for decoration or for a purpose: Her shirt has the company ~ on it. –adj. ~atic.
immerse
[T] –mersed, –mersing, –merses 1 to put s.t. in water until it’s covered: The cook ~d the potatoes in boiling water. 2 to become absorbed in, (syn.) to delve into: Students ~ themselves in their studies.
weak havoc
to do violence (destruction, punishment, etc.): The hurricane ~ed ~ on the coastal area.
harass
[T] to criticize or attack s.o. again and again, (syn.) to badger: She ~ed me for days about the mistake I made.
manipulate
[T] –lated, –lating, –lates 1 to handle, change the position of s.t.: A worker ~s the levers of the bulldozer.||A musician ~d the strings of a guitar. 2 to influence s.o. or s.t. secretly, esp. for one’s own advantage: He ~d the price of a stock so he could buy it cheaply.
predispose
frml. –posed, –posing, –poses 1 [T] to make more likely to suffer from, (syn.) to make vulnerable: Her family history may ~ her to heart disease. 2 [] to incline s.o. in advance to do s.t. or to have a particular attitude: She is ~d to taking a vacation in Mexico, not Canada.
permissive
adj. allowing too much freedom, esp. in matters of pleasure that could lead to harm, (syn.) indulgent: ~ parents||a ~ society
contradict
1 [] to tell s.o. what he or she says isn’t true, (syn.) to dispute: They ~ each other all the time:when he says, “It’s white,” she says, “It’s black.” 2 [T] to be different, (syn.) to disagree: The police report about the crime ~s what a witness says about it. –adj. ~ory
dramatic
adj. 1 related to drama: He has written ~ works for the stage. 2 related to a high emotional point: a ~ scene in a play 3 making a big impression, (syn.) striking: She wore an amazing dress for a ~ entrance into the theater.
unsure
adj. 1 not sure, uncertain: I am ~; I think it might rain today. 2 ~ of oneself: insecure, lacking confidence in oneself: When I play golf, I am ~ of myself, because I can’t hit the ball very well.
tolerant
adj. accepting of different beliefs and behavior: The boy’s parents are ~ of his naughty behavior.
literary
adj. related to literature and writing: ~ magazines have few readers compared to news magazines.
destruction
n. [U] 1 terrible and complete ruin: A hurricane causes great ~ to buildings and trees. 2 the act of pulling or breaking down: The ~ of the old building will take two weeks. Thesaurus: 1 devastation, desolation, havoc 2 demolition|downfall(of people). Ant. construction
implement
[T] to start, put into action: The meat company ~ed a new advertising plan for low–fat beef. n. a tool or piece of equipment: With the right ~s, I can unlock a door without a key.
ensure
[T] –sured, –suring, –sures to make sure: He ~d that all the doors were locked before he left his apartment.||Your passport ~s your entry into your home country. Thesaurus: to make certain, assure oneself|guarantee s.t. is s.o. Ant. to leave s.t. in doubt
enable
[T] –bled, –bling, –bles to make possible for, (syn.) to empower: Their earnings ~d them to retire early.
attribute
n. a characteristic, quality of a person or thing: He is a handsome man with many other good ~s. [T] –uted, –uting to credit, be the reason for: I ~ his success to his talent and hard work.
vice
n. [] sin or crime, including illegal drugs and prostitution: There is a lot of ~ in big cities.
gesture
n. 1 a body movement to show s.t. (a feeling, an idea, etc.): She made a ~ to the right with her hand to show the direction of the park. 2 s.t. you do or say to show your feelings: We gave some money to the hospital as a ~ of support. [I] –tured, –turing, –tures to make a movement with your hand or head to show s.t.: He ~d to me to sit down.
outcome
n. the effect, result, (syn.) the consequence: The ~ of the election will be known today.
onset
n.sing. the beginning of s.t., such as an illness: The ~ of the disease began in October.
milestone
n. 1 a marker, such as a stone that indicates the distance in miles: Many years ago, the main road between Boston and New York had ~s next to it. 2 fig. an important achievement, event: Getting her college degree was a ~ in her life.
persistent
adj. 1 continuing steadily in a belief, activity, or purpose, (syn.) tenacious: He made a ~ effort to finish the big project. 2 continuing to exist for a long time: a ~ problem||a ~ noise
attempt
[T] to try to do s.t., strive for: He ~ed to pass the examination and succeeded. n. an effort, endeavor: She made an ~ to telephone, but no one was home. Thesaurus: – to try, undertake, endeavor frml. –n. a try, an undertaking
manipulate
[T] –lated, –lating, –lates 1 to handle, change the position of s.t.: A worker ~s the levers of the bulldozer.||A musician manipulated the strings of a guitar. 2 to influence s.o. or s.t. secretly, esp. for one’s own advantage: He ~d the price of a stock so he could buy it cheaply.
rehabilitate
[T] –tated, –tating, –tates 1 to help s.o. or s.t. become better: A hospital worker ~d a man who had a broken leg so he could walk again. 2 to fix up, put in good condition again, (syn.) to restore: The city ~d old empty buildings to make new housing.
incarcerate
[T] –ated, –ating, –ates (in law) to put in jail, (syn.) to imprison: They ~d the woman, but many people believed that she was innocent.
collapse
n. [] 1 a falling into ruin, (syn.) a caving in: Heavy rainfall caused the ~ of the roof. 2 a loss of strength: She worked so hard that she suffered a ~. [I] –lapsed, –lapsing, –lapses 1 to fall into ruin: The stock market ~d, and many people lost a lot of money. 2 to lose strength and fall down: The runner ~d at the finish line. 3 to fold up s.t. so it needs less space: to ~ an umbrella. Thesaurus: – 1 to fall, cave in 2 to drop, fall, break down. Ant. to strengthen
improvisation
n.
intervention
n. when someone intervenes, especially to prevent something from happening: Without medical ~, the child would have died.
encroachment
n. ~ of air space
inception
n. beginning, start: The day–care center has been a success since its ~.
insult
n. a very unkind remark about s.o.: It was an ~ to tell your brother that he’s stupid. [T] to do or say bad, unkind things to s.o.: You ~ed me by saying I have ugly clothes. Tjesaurus: –n. a slur,slight, slap in the face fig.|rudeness, slander. Ant. a compliment – to be rude to, hurt s.o.’s feelings, offend s.o. Ant. to be kind to s.o.
popularize
[T] –ized, –izing, –izes to make widely known, accepted among many people: The USA ~d the wearing of jeans around the world.
pinpoint
n. the sharp point of a pin [T]1 to locate exactly: She ~ed her street on the map. 2 to determine the exact nature or cause of: Let’s see if we can ~ the problem here.
unveil
[T] to reveal or uncover often in a formal way: The mayor pulled back the curtain and ~ed a statue of the local hero.
instrumental
adj. 1 helpful, causing s.t. to happen: Her good grades were ~ in getting her a scholarship to Harvard. 2 of or for musical instruments, not voices: Mozart wrote ~ music as well as operas.
innovative
n [] a new idea or method that is being tried for the first time, or the use of such ideas or methods: the latest ~s in education
buoyant
adj. 1 able to float: Fallen trees are ~ in water. 2 fig. cheerful, happy: She has a ~ personality.
archaeological
adj. the study of ancient cultures by looking for and examining their buildings, tools, and other objects: He is on an ~ dig in egypt.
literature
n. [U] 1 written works, such as novels, poems, and plays, and commentary about them: She is a professor of French ~. 2 written information about a specific field: The current ~ on medicine is highly technical.
description
n. 1 an explanation: His book gives a ~ of how a house is built. 2 a report: You can hear a ~ of the ball game on the radio. Thesaurus: 1. an account, depiction frml.|sketch 2. a narrative
industrial
adj. related to industry (esp. manufacturing): ~ production is up this year, but agriculture is weak.
potter
n. a person who makes pottery: The ~ shaped the clay into a bowl.
prehistoric
adj. of or relating to a time before history was recorded through pictures or writing: Dinosaurs lived in ~ times.
artisan
n. a craftsman, one skilled in a trade, such as bricklaying, painting houses, etc.: The man is an ~ in a woodworking shop.
individually
ad separately and not as a group: He apologized to each person ~.
demonstrate
[] –strated, –strating, –strates 1 to show (how s.t. works, its advantages, etc.): I’ll ~ for you how our new computer works. 2 to march in protest: Students ~d in the streets outside the Capitol. Thesaurus: 1. to describe, illustrate|prove 2. to protest publicly
remarkable
adj. worthy of attention, noticeable, (syns.) extraordinary, outstanding: The sick man was near death but made ~ improvement and got well.
adorn
[T] 1 to make beautiful, to decorate: She ~ed the dinner table with flowers. 2 fig. to enliven, (syn.) to ornament: Many interesting people ~ed the party.
vessel
n. 1 a tube that carries fluid: the blood ~s 2 a container, such as a cup: a ~ used in religious services 3 a ship: Cargo ~s sail the Atlantic.
clay
n.adj. 1 a type of fine–grained ma–terial from the ground that can be shaped when wet, and will hold the shape when dried or baked: She likes to make dishes out of ~. 2 to have feet of ~: to have bad characteristics while seeming to be perfect: That politician seemed so fine, yet his personal life was a mess; he has feet of ~.
invariably
ad without exception or change: ~, her advice is excellent; we always do what she says.
utmost
n. [U] the greatest, without holding back: She tries her ~ to do a good job.
trade
traded, trading, trades 1 [] to exchange: I ~d a computer for a bicycle. 2 [] to transact: Brokers ~ on stock (commodity, currency, etc.) exchanges. 3 [] to engage in business: She ~s in farm equipment.
considerable
adj. much, a lot: That family owns a ~ amount of land.
distance
n. [] 1 amount of space between two points: What is the ~ between the earth and the moon (or) the ~ from the earth to the moon?||The ~ between Boston and New York is 250 miles (400 km.). 2 sing. an unfriendly relation, (syn.) an aloofness: There is a ~ now between those two friends. [T] –tanced, –tancing, –tances to put or keep at a distance: After he became rich, he ~d himself from old friends.
consistency
n. –cies 1 [] the degree of thickness, softness, etc., of s.t.: The ~ of a steak is firm and thick. 2 [U] the condition of doing things in the same way: The ~ of the teacher’s making the students work hard helps them learn a lot.
crucial
adj. extremely important, (syns.) critical, decisive: It is of ~ importance that we sign that contract for our future success.
meticulous
adj. careful and thorough, painstaking: She is ~ in spelling every word correctly in her papers.
texture
n. [] 1 the visual pattern and degree of smoothness or roughness of touch produced by a material, such as the placement of fibers in fabric: Wool flannel has a smooth, soft ~. 2 fig. the pattern and feel (of a painting, daily life, etc.): The ~ of life in Buenos Aires is one of charm and sophistication.
knead
[T] to press with the fingers and hands: A baker ~s flour and milk together to make bread dough.
remove
[T] –moved, –moving, –moves 1 to move or take s.t. away: You should ~ all furniture from the room before you clean the carpet. 2 to get rid of s.t. as in cleaning: We ~d the dirt from the floor with soap and water. 3 to make s.o. leave a job or office: She was ~d from her job at the post office because she was stealing stamps.
bubble
n. a small ball of gas, esp. air, found in or on top of a liquid: ~s in soft drinks don’t last long.
mold
[T] 1 to form into a shape: She ~ed the clay into a pot with her hands. 2 to develop one’s character: Her personality was ~ed by her strict parents.
crack
[] to break without coming apart: A small stone hit the window and ~ed it. Thesaurus: to split
temper
n. 1 [] one’s emotional nature, often of anger: He has a bad ~ and is easily angered. 2 [C] mood or characteristics: the ~ of the times 3 [U] the strength of metal
substance
n. 1 [U] anything one can touch: This face cream is a white, sticky ~.||Tires are made of rubber and other ~s. 2 usu. sing. [] meaning, truth: What she says has ~ because of her knowledge and experience. 3 [U] wealth, possessions: The family owns a successful business; they are people of ~. Thesaurus: 1. material, matter, stuff infrml 2. significance 3. means, resources
reduce
–duced, –ducing, –duces 1 [] to make s.o. or s.t. smaller in size or weight: He ~d his weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising. 2 [] to lessen in severity, importance, etc.: She stopped smoking cigarettes and ~d her risk of getting lung cancer. 3 [T] to make s.o. poor and unhappy: The hurricane ~d many people to living without food or housing for days. 4 [T] to put a fraction in an equal and simplest form: You can reduce the fraction4/8 to 1/2. Thesaurus: 1 to decrease, lower, slash. Ant. to increase 2 to cut, diminish. Ant. to increase
shrinkage
n. a lessening of s.t.’s size: ~ in a skirt||shrinkage in employment
crack
[] to break without coming apart: A small stone hit the window and ~ed it. Thesaurus: to split
durable
adj. long–wearing, sturdy: The soles on those shoes have lasted a year; they are quite ~.
exterior
n. 1 the outside of s.t., surface: The ~ of the house needs painting. 2 appearance, looks: He has a rough ~, but inside, he has a heart of gold. adj. outside: The ~ walls of the building are made of glass and steel.
solution
n. 1 [C] an answer to a problem, a way of solving it: The police found the ~ to the mystery. 2 [] a mixture of a solid and a liquid, in which the solid dissolves (one can no longer see the solid): a ~ of salt and water Thesaurus: 1 an explanation of s.t., a key to s.t. 2 a blend, mix
slip
n. 1 a small piece of s.t.: a ~ of paper 2 a small person: That ~ of a boy can’t lift the heavy box. 3 a piece of women’s underclothes that looks like a dress or skirt: a silk ~ under her dress 4 a small mistake: a ~ in arithmetic 5 a mistake in speaking: a ~ of the tongue 6 a movement or fall caused by s.t. slippery: a ~ on a banana peel 7 a space to keep a boat: a ~ for my sailboat in the harbor
brightly
ad 1 cheerfully, merrily, sprightly: The sun is shining ~. 2 cheerfully, actively: smile ~.
vessel
n. 1 a tube that carries fluid: the blood ~s 2 a container, such as a cup: a ~ used in religious services 3 a ship: Cargo ~s sail the Atlantic.
glaze
glazed, glazing, glazes 1 [T] to cover or fit with glass: We ~d the windows with new glass. 2 [T] to put a thin (usu. shiny) cover over s.t.: I ~d the donut with sugar.||After making the ceramic plate, he ~d it to protect it. n. a thin, shiny cover on s.t. (ceramics, food, etc.)
shiny
adj. 1 bright, light, sunny, luminous: a ~ table 2 lustrous, glossy, polished, sleek: his ~ trousers
external
adj. 1 outside, exterior: The ~ surface of the airplane is very smooth and shiny. 2 coming from the outside: Children’s experiences in school are affected by many ~ influences.
texture
n. [] 1 the visual pattern and degree of smoothness or roughness of touch produced by a material, such as the placement of fibers in fabric: Wool flannel has a smooth, soft ~. 2 fig. the pattern and feel (of a painting, daily life, etc.): The ~ of life in Buenos Aires is one of charm and sophistication.
adorn
frml. [T] 1 to make beautiful, to decorate: She ~ed the dinner table with flowers. 2 fig. to enliven, (syn.) to ornament: Many interesting people ~ed the party.
completely
ad in every way or as much as possible: He ~ denied it. I still didn’t ~ trust him.
vessel
n. 1 a tube that carries fluid: the blood ~s 2 a container, such as a cup: a ~ used in religious services 3 a ship: Cargo ~s sail the Atlantic.
evenly
ad into equal amounts, or in a regular way: They decided to divide the prize money ~ between them.
kiln
n. a special oven used esp. for baking clay objects (pots, vases, etc.): She put the pot in the ~ for two hours.
dissolve
–solved, –solving, –solves 1 [] to put s.t., like sugar or powder, into a liquid and make it seem to disappear: The powder ~d in water. 2 [T] to end (an association, group, or contract): to ~ a marriage (a formal meeting, business, etc.) 3 [I] fig. to break down emotionally: She ~d into tears at the news.
carbon
n. [U] the chemical element found in coal, graphite, and diamonds: The black lead in pencils is made of soft ~.
compound
n. 1 s.t. made by combining two or more parts or elements: Water is a chemical ~ made from hydrogen and oxygen. 2 an area with a fence around it: The soldiers live inside a military ~. adj. made up of two or more parts: The ~ word “bookstore” is formed from the words “book” and “store.”
crack
n. 1 a line of separation in a material, a split: That drinking glass has a ~ in it.|| a wall with ~s 2 a small amount of space: He opened the window a ~. 3 a break in a surface, fissure: After the earthquake, the ground had wide ~s running through it. 4 a sudden, very loud noise: the ~ of a whip 5 a funny and/or critical remark 6 slang a strong, highly addictive form of cocaine: He smokes ~. Thesaurus: 1 a break, fracture 2 a little, a bit 3 a split, fracture 4 a snap, bang, pop 5 a joke, comment
initially
ad at the beginning: The situation was worse than they ~ thought.
endurance
n. [U] the ability to function (work, run, swim, etc.) properly over a long period of time, (syn.) stamina: Olympic athletes have great ~.
adaptable
adj. 1 capable of being changed and used for s.t. else: The movie producers think that book is ~ because it’s full of adventures; it should make a good movie. 2 capable of handling changes, flexible: The child is very ~; she will be happy in her new house and school.
applicable
adj. 1 belonging to, for the purpose of: This payment is ~ to my rent. 2 having meaning, significance: His earlier comments were not ~ to our later discussion.
leak
n. 1 an unwanted drip or rush of liquid or gas: The boat has a ~ and is filling up with water. 2 a letting out of secret information: A ~ from inside the government spread the news of the President’s decision. 1 [] to let in or out a drip or rush of liquid or gas: The kitchen sink ~s water onto the floor. 2 [T] to reveal information secretly: An official inside the government ~ed a story to journalists. Thesaurus: n.1 a leakage, seepage|hole, crack 2 a disclosure(news, facts)|revelation
method
n. a way of doing s.t.: That business uses trucks as its ~ of moving goods. Thesaurus: a means(of doing s.t.), manner, technique|process, system, procedure
design
1 [] to draw sketches or plans for: They’ve ~ed a new airplane. 2 [] to form mental plans for: We must ~ a better advertising campaign. 3 [T] to intend for a certain goal or purpose: a movie ~ed to appeal to teenagers Thesaurus: 1 to create, draw up 2 to conceive, devise, plan 3 to create, fashion
carve
carved, carving, carves 1 [] to cut (meat, vegetables) into pieces: She ~d the turkey at the table. 2 [T] to shape s.t. by cutting it with artistry and exactness, sculpt: She ~s jewelry out of precious stones. 3 [T] to cut designs, letters, etc., into the surface of s.t.: He ~d his name on the tree. Thesaurus: 1 to slice, cut up 2 to fashion 3 to engrave
detail
[T] 1 to describe fully, with all the fine points: The letter ~ed the company’s requirements for a new product. 2 to choose s.o. to do a job, esp. in the military: They have ~ed a squad of soldiers to guard the prisoner. Thesaurus: 1 to go over, spell out, enumerate 2 to assign
paint
1 [] to apply paint: She ~ed her room pale green. 2 [] to create a picture or work of art: She ~s portraits for a living.
oats
n.pl. 1 a type of grain eaten by animals and people: My mother baked bread made with ~ and raisins.
wheat
n. [U] a cereal plant or grain usu. ground into flour and used to make bread, cake, pasta, etc.: ~ is a major food source, grown throughout the world for 7,000 years.
phenomenal
adj. 1 unusual, remarkable: The results of the test were ~. 2 great, terrific, wonderful, amazing: That singer’s new recording is a ~ success.
upsurge
n. a sudden rush, increase: Our company had an ~ in sales this month.
widespread
adj. covering a large area, (syn.) ubiquitous: The forest fires were ~ through the mountains.
adoption
n. [] 1 (in law) taking legal responsibility for parenting: The process of ~ can be lengthy.
labor–saving
adj. reducing the amount of work necessary to do a job: Washing machines and computers are ~ devices.
machinery
n. [U] machines as a group: ~ in that textile mill is used to make fabric. Thesaurus: equipment, apparatus, gear
reap
[] to cut down and collect, (syn.) to harvest: In the fall, farmers ~ their crops.
grain
n. 1 a single seed of a plant (wheat, corn, oats, etc.) 2 [U] the grasses from plants which produce such seeds, esp. wheat and corn: Europe imports a lot of ~ from Russia every year. 3 a very small, hard piece of s.t.: Grains of sand form a beach. 4 a small amount of s.t.: There is not a ~ of truth in what he says. 5 the natural flow of a surface: You can feel the ~ of the wood (leather, grass, etc.) by its smoothness. Thesaurus: 3/4 a granule, particle, speck. Ant. a chunk, hunk
region
n. 1 a geographical area of a country: The northeast ~ of the USA includes New York and the six New England states. 2 part of the atmosphere: Space vehicles enter the upper ~s of the atmosphere as they return from outer space. 3 an area of the body: He has a pain in his abdominal ~. Thesaurus: 1 a part, section 2 a section, zone
thresh
[] –es to beat grain stalks to separate grain: Farmers thresh grain with ~ing machines.
onset
n.sing. the beginning of s.t., such as an illness: The ~ of the disease began in October.
stimulus for
n. –li s.t. that causes an action or response: The desire for a good education was the ~ ~ my studying hard.
equipment
n. [U] useful items needed for a purpose (work, sports, etc.): I have sports ~ that includes golf clubs, tennis rackets, and ice skates. Thesaurus: gear|machines, tools
approximately
ad close to a particular number or time although not exactly that number or time: The college has ~ 700 students.
stalk
n. a stem of a plant: a bean ~
increasingly
ad more and more: ~ important ~, education is seen as a right, not a privilege.
combine
n. 1 a big machine on wheels used to harvest crops: A farmer ran his ~ over the wheat field. 2 a group of people or businesses
ponderous
adj. slow moving, awkward, dull: Bureaucracies move in a ~ way.||He wrote a long, ~ paper on a subject of no interest.
simultaneous
adj. happening at the same time: The final trumpet music was ~ with loud noise from the drums.
crop
n. 1 a planting and harvest of grain, vegetables, or fruit: Farmers had a good ~ of rice this year. 2 fig.a group of things or people: Our school had a good ~ of freshman students this fall. 3 a short haircut 4 a short whip used in riding horses Thesaurus: 1 yield 2 collection, assembly
employ
[T] 1 to provide paid work to people: That company ~s 1,000 workers. 2 to use: The company ~s computers to keep track of expenses. Thesaurus: 1 to hire, put s.o. on the payroll|engage the services of s.o. frml. Ants. to fire, dismiss, let go| lay off 2 to make use of, utilize
harvest
[T] to gather crops: We ~ corn in the early autumn. n. the gathering of crops: This year’s ~ was a very good one; we picked hundreds of oranges. Thesaurus: –v to pick, collect, reap –n a crop, yield, output
obvious
adj. easy to see or understand, clear: It is ~ that that woman has had too much to drink. Thesaurus: plain, self–evident, unmistakable
desirable
adj. 1 worthwhile, valuable: They own a ~ piece of property by the sea. 2 attractive, appealing: She is a beautiful and intelligent woman; any man would think she is ~. Thesaurus: 1 worth having|in demand, sought after 2 alluring
to avail oneself of
frml. to take advantage of, use: While working in Paris, I ~ed ~ ~ the opportunity to visit the museums.
thresh
[] –es to beat grain stalks to separate grain: Farmers ~ grain with threshing machines.
advance
adj. difficult, complex: He took ~ courses in mathematics.
heavy
adj. –ier, –iest 1 having a lot of weight: The rock is very ~. 2 fat, overweight: He eats too much and has become ~. 3 infrml. dealing with a serious topic: We had a ~ discussion about our relationship. 4 of a large amount: He’s a ~smoker and drinker.||There is always ~ traffic in the morning in my town.
rapid
adj. very fast, quick: His ~ speech is difficult to understand. Thesaurus: swift, speedy. Ant. slow
principal
n. 1 the head of a school: Ms. Wu is the ~ of our local high school. 2 any person who can make important decisions in a business: The ~s include the owner and his wife. 3 the amount remaining on a debt: The ~ remaining on the mortgage is $20,000 at 7% interest. 4 money invested: He can live on the interest from his savings and never touch the ~. adj. main, most important: The ~ reason they visited was to make an offer to buy your business. Thesaurus: –adj. biggest, primary
urban
adj. related to a city: Many people move to ~ areas to have the excitement of city life. Thesaurus: metropolitan, municipal
structure
n. 1 [C] a building of any kind: A new ~ is being built on the corner. 2 [C] any architectural object of any kind: The Eiffel Tower is a famous Parisian ~. 3 [U] the way parts are put together or organized: the ~ of a song||a business’s ~
wilderness
n. [U] 1 land in its natural state, esp. a large area unspoiled by humans: ~ is protected in many of our national parks. 2 fig. a large, unknown place: We are still exploring the ~ of outer space.
colonial
adj. 1 related to colonies (nations governed by other nations): ~ America was controlled mainly by the Spanish, French, and British. 2 in the style, esp. of buildings, common during the time that people lived in colonies in America: They live in a four–bedroom ~ house.
mostly
ad mainly or most of the time: She reads ~ romantic novels.
valley
n. a low area of land between hills and mountains: Farmers plant crops in ~s.
particularly
ad especially, greatly: She is ~ interested in modern art.
asset
n. an advantage, an important person, thing, or quality: She is very talented and is a real ~ to our company.
equipment
n. [U] useful items needed for a purpose (work, sports, etc.): I have sports ~ that includes golf clubs, tennis rackets, and ice skates. Thesaurus: gear|machines, tools
consumer goods
n.pl. articles necessary for daily living, such as food, clothes, and everyday things: The market for ~ ~ is huge, but so is the competition.
merchandising
n.[U] the selling of products relating to films, television programs, and famous people
establishment
n. 1 [U] the creation or founding of s.t.: The ~ of a new business takes many years. 2 [C] a place of business: He runs a clothing ~ in Boston.
accordingly
ad in agreement with what is already known or expected, therefore, (syn.) consequently: ~, now that you have completed your classes, the school will give you a diploma.
settlement
n. a small, new town or area where a group of people has decided to live: Many large Midwestern cities started as ~s in the 1800s.
prior to
before, earlier than s.t. else: ~ ~ becoming a lawyer, she worked as a legal secretary.
flourish
n. –ishes a showy movement: The conductor ended the symphony with a great ~ of her baton. –ishes 1 [I] to become rich, grow strong: People have ~ed in America for centuries.||Many plants ~ in warm, humid climates. 2 [T] to wave s.t. in a showy way: The soldier ~ed his sword.
antagonistic
adj. strongly disagreeing with someone or something
navigable
adj. capable of being used by boats: A ~ river is deep and wide enough for boats to pass through it.
wharf
n. wharves or wharfs a long platform built over the water, where ships can pull up to load or unload: Boats sailed up to the ~, and the passengers got off. Thesaurus: a pier, dock, quay
plantation
n. a large farm, usu. in a warm climate, on which is grown a single major crop, such as tea, coffee, cotton, rubber, etc.: There were many cotton ~s in the southern USA.
inhabitant
n. a person who lives in a certain area: The ~s of San Francisco enjoy a view of the Golden Gate Bridge.
record
1 [T] to make a written record of s.t.: The scanner ~ed the $10 purchase and printed a receipt. 2 [T] to register s.t. officially: After he bought the house, he ~ed his ownership at City Hall. 3 [] to make a sound or video recording of s.t., as on disk or tape: The concert we went to was ~ed for showing on T Thesaurus: 1 to tabulate 2 to file, document 3 to tape, videotape
comparison
n. [] an analysis of similarities and differences between things, ideas, people, etc.: The student made a ~ between what people do at Christmastime in her country and what people do in the USA.
document
[T] to provide written evidence: The police ~ed their case with accounts of the accident by people who saw it.
attract
[T] to draw interest: San Francisco ~s millions of tourists each year. Thesaurus: to charm, enchant(people)|appeal, interest(things). Ant. to disgust| repel.
employ
[T] 1 to provide paid work to people: That company ~s 1,000 workers. 2 to use: The company ~s computers to keep track of expenses. Thesaurus: 1 to hire, put s.o. on the payroll|engage the services of s.o. frml.Ants. to fire, dismiss, let go| lay off 2 to make use of, utilize
instruct
[T] 1 to teach: The Spanish professor ~s her students in the language and culture of Mexico. 2 to direct, tell s.o. what to do: My sister ~ed me to take out the garbage. Thesaurus: 1 to educate, tutor|train, coach 2 to order, command, bid s.o. to do s.t. frml/Ant. to ask
represent
[T] 1 to show, give a picture or symbol of s.t.: The Statue of Liberty ~s the freedom immigrants wanted to find in America. 2 to equal to, mean: The damage from the fire ~ed a total loss for the store owner. 3 to act in the place of, act on behalf of: The US Embassy ~s the United States in other countries. 4 to act like or say that you belong to a group: He ~s himself to others as a rich man, but he is not. 5 to be an example of: This plant ~s a rare kind of orchid. Thesaurus: 1 to symbolize, stand for s.t., exemplify 2 to be 3 to speak for 4 to pose as, portray oneself as
employment
n. [U] 1 a job paying a salary or wages: He is out of work and looking for ~. 2 frml. use: The ~ of force will lead to greater violence. Thesaurus: a job, work|occupation, business, profession| trade, field. Ant. unemployment
eligible
adj. 1 having the right to do or be chosen for s.t., qualified: He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is ~ to enroll in the state college. 2 not married and with good qualities for marriage: He is unmarried and has a good job, so he is an ~ bachelor.
maritime
adj. related to the sea: ~ laws govern international shipping.
unique
adj. singular, one of a kind: Each person in the world has a ~ personality.
sophisticated
adj. 1 with high–class tastes and understanding: My cousins are very ~, since they have lived in Paris and Rome. 2 intricate, complex: ~ computer equipment Thesaurus: 1 worldly, experienced. Ant. naive 2 advanced
attain
[T] to achieve, reach: The salesperson ~ed her sales goal for the month.
hunting
n. [U] the sport of killing game (animals, birds): ~ is a popular sport in many areas.
abundant
adj. plentiful, (syn.) profuse: Food is in ~ supply in this country.
provide
–vided, –viding, –vides 1 [T] to supply, furnish s.t.: Parents ~ their children with food, clothing, and shelter. 2 [I] to care for s.o.: They ~ for their child. 3 [I] to prepare for a present or future need: She ~s for her future by saving money each month. 4 [T] to require, esp. in a contract or by law: That lease ~s that the rent must be paid on the first of the month.
metal
n. [] any of the basic metallic elements, usu. hard, shiny substances that can be melted, shaped, and cut to make things: Steel is a ~ that is used a lot in building and manufacturing. adj. made of ~: Ships are made of ~ plates welded together.
mussel
n. any of a variety of shellfish, some of which are edible: ~s are found on the sea rocks on the shores of America and Europe.
shell
n. 1 [] the hard, protective outer covering of an animal, seed, or plant: a turtle’s ~||the ~ of a walnut 2 [C] a bullet or other piece of ammunition: ~s from a gun 3 [C] the outer structure of s.t.: Workers removed the interior walls and floors of a building and left the ~ standing. 4 [C] the edible holder for a filling: a pie ~
mammal
n. a warm–blooded animal, the female of which feeds its own milk to its young: ~s range from whales at sea to mice and humans on land.
practical
adj. 1 sensible, not acting foolishly: They wanted to buy a white couch, but with three small children, it just wasn’t ~. 2 useful, handy: That dictionary would be a ~ gift for the student. 3 relating to actual practice or real situations rather than to theory: She felt that most of what she learned in the course was of no ~ use. Thesaurus: 1 realistic,pragmatic, down–to–earth. Ants. impractical, silly 2 appropriate, serviceable. Ant. frivolous 3 concrete, applicable. Ant. abstract
coastal
adj. situated on or relating to the coast: a ~ town/resort ~ waters
contribution
n. [] 1 a giving of money, one’s time, etc., donation: That rich man makes big ~s to charity. 2 positive or helpful participation: She made an important ~ to the company’s success. Thesaurus: 1 a gift, payment 2 (to play) a role/part, (to have) a say, (to have) input/ involvement in s.t.
annually
n. [C] 1 a plant which grows, produces seed, and dies within one year 2 a book produced every year containing new information about the same subject adj. 1 happening or produced once a year: an ~ meeting/report 2 measured over a period of one year: ~ rainfall
utensil
n. a tool or implement, esp. for eating food: ~s for eating include knives, forks, and spoons.
transport
[T] 1 to move: Trucks ~ most of our goods to our customers. 2 to move emotionally: Beautiful music ~s listeners into a pleasant dream world. n. [U] transportation: ~ in some countries is slow and unsafe.
stew
n. [] 1 a thick soup, usu. a mixture of meat and vegetables: beef ~ 2 infrml. a state of worry: She is in a ~ about going to the huge university. 1 [] to cook for a long time to soften and thicken food 2 fig. [I] to worry: He ~s over big decisions.
roe
n. [U] 1 a type of deer 2 fish eggs: Salmon swim upstream to lay their ~ each year.
aging
n. 1 the process of growing old: His ~ does not permit him to work anymore. 2 the process of growing mature or ripe: Wine growers put wine in a cellar for ~.
comprehensible
adj. capable of being understood, (syns.) clear, intelligible: Her writing is quite ~.
productive
adj. 1 producing good results, useful: We had a ~ meeting that solved some problems. 2 producing profits: Buying that house was a ~ investment for him.
intentional
adj. done on purpose, (syn.) deliberate: Meeting for dinner at a vegetarian restaurant was ~; I am a vegetarian.
particular
adj. 1 relating to a specific person, idea, item, etc.: I like classical music in general, but not that ~ composer. 2 special, unusual: There is nothing of ~ interest on TV tonight. 3 very exact and demanding about what one wants: He is very ~ about the food he eats; everything has to be cooked just right. Thesaurus: 1 exact, precise, specific 2 marked, notable 3 fussy, picky
achieve
[T] achieved, achieving, achieves to reach, gain (success, happiness, one’s goals, etc.): The movie star ~d success and wealth.||He has ~d his goals in life by having a good job and raising a family. Thesaurus: to acquire, attain, accomplish. Ant. to fail
modify
[T] –fied, –fying, –fies 1 to change s.t., alter: He was loud and angry, and his friends told him to ~ his behavior. 2 (in grammar) to describe s.t.: An adjective such as “blue” ~ies a noun, such as “dress.”
demand
[T] 1 to ask for very strongly: They ~ payment today. 2 to require, have a strong need for: This problem ~s immediate attention. Thesaurus: 1 to insist on, order, command 2 to necessitate, call for s.t.
spread
spread, spreading, spreads 1 [T] to cover a surface by pushing s.t. toward the edges of the surface: to ~ butter on bread 2 [] to cause to go or travel a distance or to many people: to ~ the news||to spread disease 3 [T] to lay out smoothly and flat: to ~ a tablecloth (napkin, towel, map, etc.) 4 [T] to make space between: to ~ your fingers 5 [T] to set a table with dishes, knives, forks, etc.
prosperous
adj. successful in business, flourishing: That family grew ~ as its business grew.
fundamental
adj. 1 basic, primary: Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others. 2 essential, necessary: Food, shelter, and clothing are ~ needs. Thesaurus: 1 primary, elementary. Ant. secondary 2 indispensable, crucial. Ant. unnecessary
contribute
–uted, –uting, –utes 1 [] to give (money, one’s time, etc.): She ~s money to her church. 2 [I] to participate positively in s.t.: Everyone on the team ~d to winning the game. Thesaurus: 1 to donate 2 to add, be a factor. Ant. to subtract
distinctive
adj. different from others, special: Spices give that dish its ~ flavor.
journey
n. a trip, esp. a long one [I] to take a long trip: Many Irish immigrants ~ed to America by sea in the 1840s. Thesaurus: –n. a voyage, expedition – to travel, voyage, trek
prehistoric
adj. of or relating to a time before history was recorded through pictures or writing: Dinosaurs lived in ~ times.
mammoth
n. a type of extinct hairy elephant: ~s once lived in parts of the USA. adj. huge in size: The national debt is ~.
tar
n. [U] a black, sticky mass made of decomposed organic matter: ~ is used to cover roads and roofs. [T] tarred, tarring, tars 1 to cover with tar: Workers ~red the roof to waterproof it. 2 to ~ and feather: a. to cover with ~ and feathers as punishment: In colonial times, criminals were ~red and feathered and sent out of town. b. fig. to persecute, punish
formerly
ad in the past, some time ago, (syn.) previously: She was ~ president of that organization.
asphalt
n. [U] a black coal–based substance used for covering roads or roofs: Our driveway is made of ~. [T] to coat with this substance: The new road was ~ed.
petroleum
n. [U] a dark, thick, oily liquid usu. found between layers of rock in the earth and used to make fuels for heating, lighting, or engines: Gasoline is made from ~.
fossil
n. 1 the remains of ancient animal or plant life preserved in rock: We know about dinosaurs from the ~s that they left behind. 2 fig.pej. an old person with oldfashioned ideas: He’s the ~ in the English department that nobody listens to; he hasn’t had a new idea since 1963.
vertebrate
adj. having a spine: ~ animals n. an animal with a spine: The ~s include lions and elephants.
invertebrate
n.adj. an animal without a backbone: Ants are ~s or ~ insects.
tangled
adj. snarled, knotted up: Traffic is all ~ up at the bridge.
sloth
n. 1 [U] laziness, lack of ambition: The rich young woman won’t work; she prefers to live in ~. 2 [C] a slow–moving animal that lives in trees in Central and South America
excavate
[] –ated, –ating, –ates 1 to remove the earth from an area: The workers ~d the earth to make a foundation for the building. 2 to uncover by digging: Archeologists ~d ancient ruins in Egypt.
conceal
[T] 1 to hide s.t.: The thief ~ed a pistol under his coat. 2 to keep s.t. secret, esp. to trick s.o.: The owners of the company ~ed last year’s finan–cial losses from the new buyer.
decay
[] 1 to rot: Fallen leaves and trees ~ into the ground over time. 2 to fall into ruin or poor condition: The Roman Empire slowly ~ed and lost its power. Thesaurus: 1 to decompose, break down, disintegrate 2 to collapse, crumble, decline
herbivore
n. an animal that eats only plants: Cows and horses are ~s.
coyote
n. –tes or –te a kind of wolf similar to a medium–sized dog found mainly in western North and Central America: ~s often hunt rats and mice at night.
tissue
n. 1 [U] a group of animal or plant cells that together makes up an organ that performs a certain function, such as nerve tissue or muscle tissue: Human liver ~ can grow again if it is injured. 2 [C] paper products, such as toilet tissue or paper handkerchiefs: After I sneezed, I wiped my nose with a ~.
impregnate
[T] –nated, –nating, –nates to fertilize, make pregnant: The male cat ~d the female, and she had five kittens.
fed
adj. past tense & past part. of feed 1 provided with food: You can see from his big stomach that he is well ~. 2 ~ up: annoyed or angry about a bad situation that has existed for a long time, (syns.) frustrated, disgusted: I am completely ~ up with all of the false promises and delays.
trout
n. a freshwater game fish related to but smaller than the salmon: ~ have a nutty, sweet taste when cooked properly.
tolerate
[T] –ated, –ating, –ates 1 to allow, put up with s.t.: She cannot ~ anyone who does not act as she does. 2 to endure, suffer: I cannot ~ hot, spicy foods. 3 to accept, receive: Most people in that country will ~ people from other nations as neighbors.
algae
n.pl. simple tiny plants that live in water: The green covering on top of the water in that pond is ~.
upper
adj. located in a higher area or region: His ~ body hurts in the neck and chest. n. the ~ part of s.t.: The ~ of his shoe (part above the sole) has come loose from the sole.
