33 Depression Flashcards
LIFETIME prevalence of depression in NZ
~20%
Gender dimorphisms for depression prevalence?
Women 2x more likely than men
Depression is more common in what TYPES of countries?
Industrialised > developing countries
List the DSM5 criteria for depression
5 or more symptoms, present for >2 weeks
- depressed mood
- dec INTEREST in activities
- changes to WEIGHT and APPETITE
- FATIGUE
- INSOMNIA/HYPER somnia
- Feelings of WORTHLESSNESS and GUILTb
- dec concentration
- recurrent thoughts of death + SUICIDE
Diagnostic criteria for these symptoms being CAUSATIVE of depression?
- Cause clinically significant DISTRESS
- Impairment in functioning (social, occupational, etc)
- Not attributable to a substance or another disorder
Explain possible OVER-diagnosing of depression
- People are INCLINED to label symptoms as depression if presented out of CONTEXT
- Drug companies reap MONETARY gain
Perhaps the issue is not with the individual, but with _____ (in which case we need ______)
Perhaps the issue is not with the individual, but with SOCIETY (in which case we need a REVOLUTION, not therapy!)
Name the dominant BIOLOGICAL hypotheses for depression
- Serotonin depletion (limited evidence)
* NeuroSTRUCTURAL differences
Explain the Nature vs Nurture debate in terms of depression?
Physical differences in brain due to GENETICS (nature) or TRAUMA/events (nurture)?
Evidence AGAINST biological explanations?
Stressful EVENTS ALONE can predict likelihood of depression
List the 4 psychological explanations of depression, and what they think causes it
Psychoanalysis - EARLY experiences evoked by a later loss
Behaviorism - “Learned Helplessness” due to repeatedly feeling lack of CONTROL
Humanism - Incongruence (discrepancy between ACTUAL and IDEAL self)
Sociocultural - POVERTY strongly associated with depression
What is the COGNITIVE model’s explanation of depression
Neg THOUGHTS cause depression
Explain Beck’s Cognitive Triad
CORE BELIEFS developed in youth (uncounscious)
Activation of NEG core beliefs by neg life EVENTS
= depression
Self “I am a bad person”
World “The world is a hopeless place”
Future “The future is hopeless”
What is the “BEST” model to explain depression
COMBO
Bio-Psycho-Social model
Genetic vulnerabilities + psychosocial vulnerabilities + social STRESS = depression
what GUIDELINES are used for treatment?
Explain these guidelines
NICE guidelines = STEPPED care
Early intervention beneficial
Mild-moderate = TALKING therapies best Moderate-severe = DRUGS + Tx
