3.2.4.4 - Violence In Sport Flashcards
(complete)
1
Q
Define football hooliganism.
A
Unruly, violent and destructive behaviour by over zealous supporters of association football clubs
2
Q
Define hooliganism.
A
Acts of vandalism and violence in public places committed especially by youths
3
Q
Define violence.
A
Physical acts committed to harm others in sports such as American football, rugby, football and ice hockey
4
Q
Why do players become violent? (causes- A01)
A
- win at all costs
- emotional intensity or importance of the result (e.g. local derby)
- financial rewards
- retaliation against opponent/crowd
- frustration with officiating decisions
- frustration at other performers
- side effect of drugs
- pressure from coaches and sponsors
- importance of event/result
- over arousal
- lack of effective deterrents/severe punishment
- pre match media hype
- psychological inadequacies (not able to maintain self-control)
5
Q
Strategies for players to prevent player violence?
A
- promoting good discipline of role models
- players during matches can display positive behaviour/sportsmanship
- players/club/community all condemn any acts of violence among fans
- calming down/anger or stress management
6
Q
Strategies for coaches to prevent player violence?
A
- substitute players
- punishing aggressive behaviour e.g. fines
- educate the performer
- provide positive role model behaviour to aspire to
- highlighting their responsibility to the team / the negative impact on the team, if aggression leads to being sent off
- decreasing the emphasis of winning
- using stress management techniques such as positive self talk
7
Q
Strategies for officials to prevent player violence?
A
- frustration with poor officiating can be reduced with having more officials which help reach a decision as the actions occur e.g. lines men, GLT, TMO, VAR
- better officials - train them to calm or diffuse situations
- use technology to help reach the correct decision
- booking and send offs
- punish violence missed by referees after the match using video evidence (citing)
8
Q
Strategies for managers + captains to prevent player violence?
A
- promoting good discipline of role models
- player code of conduct
- manage their own arousal levels
- remove players from high stress situations who have low flash levels
- avoid win at all costs attitude
- discuss stress appropriate techniques with the team
- players and club officials prior to/after games avoid comments that may be misinterpreted by fans
9
Q
Strategies for NGB’s to prevent player violence?
A
- tougher sanctions
- fair play awards
- introduce education campaigns linked to fair play
- players/clubs/community all condemn any acts of violence among fans
- increase links between clubs and communities to promote social inclusion
- community informs the club of any potential/known troublemakers
- train officials in player management
- clubs can educate fans about the negative implications of hooliganism
- change and clarify rules on violent acts
- promote performers with good disciplinary records as positive role models
- name and shame bad role models
- drug testing
- encourage respect of officials
10
Q
Why do spectators become violent?
A
- importance of event
- too much alcohol
- highs caused by drug taking
- pre match media hype stirring up tensions between rival fans
- poor policing/stewarding
- nature of stadium
- lack of effective deterrents and punishments
- gang culture
- religious discord
- display of masculinity
- frustration of own team losing
- nature of the sport
- adrenaline rush/excitement of violence/outlet for aggression
- crowded spectator facilities on the terraces
11
Q
Consequences of spectator violence?
A
- negative image of sport and therefore a decline in participation
- crowd size decreases
- all supporters treated as hooligans
- individual bans, fines, loss of points, commercial deals withdrawn
- club level teams can be banned from entering competitions
- sponsorship and commercial deals withdrawn due to negative image of the game therefore reducing money
- increasing policing and steward costs for security before, during and after a match due to the increased need
12
Q
Strategies to prevent spectator violence?
A
- all-seater stadiums
- segregation of fans
- violent individuals banned from the grounds
- alcohol ban
- use of CCTV around stadiums
- better police intelligence
- tougher deterrents e.g. bans from matches
- responsible media reporting to decrease hype prior to matches and reduce tensions
- move kick off times (imposed by the police)
- laws passed preventing trespass on to the pitch
- tighter club control of ticket sales
- removal of terraces
13
Q
What impact does hooliganism have on law abiding football fans?
A
- fan violence can lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans
- fans are herded through the streets to reach the stadium and after the game, to take transport home
- all fans following a particular team are treated with suspicion and disgust
- all fans of a particular team are banned from certain matches
14
Q
Why does football suffer from hooliganism?
A
- tribalism
- nationalism
- political notions linked to racism
- status of the game/ media-hype
15
Q
Why has there been less spectator violence at major international events? e.g. The Olympics
A
- crowds are from many countries/ less intense rivalry
- fair play
- less media hype to incite crowd
- family orientated
- alcohol drinking culture not usual
- less pre-arranged organised violence
- multi-sport competition
