Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - biological molecules + cells > 3.2.4 Cell Recognition + The Immune System > Flashcards

3.2.4 Cell Recognition + The Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Micro-organisms that cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogens and how do they cause disease

A

Virus - invade cells, take over + burst them (kill body cells)
Bacteria - release toxins that make you ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why do many pathogens not harm us

A

As were resistant to them not having the needed conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

5 examples of defences we have for pathogens that do harm us

A 
Tears
Ear wax
Skin
Mucus
Sweat
Cilia
Anus
Urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What antibacterial enzymes do tears contain

A

Lysozymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do earwax and skin work as defences

A

Earwax - has antiseptic properties

Skin - barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do mucus and sweat work as defences

A

Mucus - traps bacteria in airways

Sweat - has antiseptic properties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does cilia do to mucus as a defence

A

Traps and sweeps mucus up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the harmless bacteria in the anus do to pathogens

A

Outcompetes them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does urine work as a defence

A

It’s antiseptic and so flushed bacteria out of urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are antigens

4 things they identify

A

Markers on the cell surface that allow the immune system to identify:
pathogens
cells from other organisms of same species
Abnormal body cells -> mutated
Toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4 things antigens can be made from

A

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Glycoproteins
DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are non-self antigens detected by

A

White blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 types of immune response

A

Non-specific immune response

Specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What’s a non-specific immune response launched against

A

Anything (to any non-self antigen) bacteria that doesn’t belong to you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of non-specific immune repsinse

A

Fast response to possible infection

Only temporary, doesn’t give long lasting immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 types of non-specific immune response

A

Fever
Inflammation
Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do pathogens cause a fever

A

They cause the hypothalamus in the brain to change the body’s thermostat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does a fever do do the pathogen more so than the body cells
What’s the temperature for this

A

Increased temperature damages pathogen more than body cells

37*c + can denature pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What inflammation a build up of

4 symptoms of it

A

Build up of fluid

Redness
Swelling
Pain
Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What becomes more permeable when there’s inflammation

Therefore what can escape the blood and enter tissue fluid easier (3)

A

Capillaries

White blood cells
Antibodies
Compliment proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do compliment proteins do

A

Trigger a series of events that leads to lysis of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 phagocytes

A

Macrophages (most useful)

Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do phagocytes target

A

Anything that doesn’t belong to you (non-self antigens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What’s phagocytosis

A

Ingestion + digestion of microbes by phagocytes (type of WBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis (6)

A
  1. Damaged tissue by infection released mediators
  2. Chemotaxis occurs + phagocytes engulf pathogen
  3. Once engulfed, the pathogen is stored in a phagosome vesicle
  4. Lysosomes in phagocyte migrate to phagosome and fuse with membrane, secreting lysozyme enzymes
  5. The enzymes digest the pathogen
  6. Pathogens remains (debris) is absorbed and can be used again by cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are mediators

A

Chemicals that attract macrophages (released by damaged tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s chemotaxis

A

Movement in direction of a chemical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to phagocytes engulf a pathogen

A

By extending , wrapping membranes around + engulfing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What’s the vesicle called that a pathogen is enclosed and stored in

A

Phagosome

31
Q

What do lysosomes secrete and what do they do

A

Lysozyme enzymes that digest the pathogen

32
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs used

A

Phagocytes

Lymphocytes

33
Q

What responses are lymphocytes involved in

A

Specific immune response

34
Q

What part of the body is protected from infections by lymphocytes

A

Foetus

35
Q

Adv + disadvantage of specific immune response

A

Slower

But longer lasting

36
Q

2 types of specific immune response

A

Humoral (antibody mediated response)

Cell mediated response

37
Q

What particular type of lymphocyte does cell mediated immunity involve

A

T-cell

38
Q

How many types of lymphocytes are there

A

10 million

39
Q

What are T-cells called this

A

T - matured in thymus gland (centre of chest)

40
Q

What are the many different types of T cell each capable of

A

Recognising a different antigen

41
Q

What does each T-cell have in its surface

A

A different type of receptor - complimentary to 1 specific antigen (only 1 t-cell for each disease)

42
Q

Why does cell mediate response take a long time

A

As there’s only 1 individual T-lymphocyte that matches 9tsk4s dats to come into contact)

43
Q

What does every pathogen have that different

A

Different antigen

44
Q

What happens to a t-cell if a t-cell receptor binds to an antigen

A

The T-cell multiplies rapidly via mitosis (activated)

45
Q

Once bound to a non-self antigen, what are the T cells known as

A

T helper cells

46
Q

What 4 things do t helper cells cause to happen once bound to a non-self antigen

A
  1. Memory cells form
  2. Further phagocytosis
  3. B lymphocytes to divide
  4. Activate cytotoxic T cells
47
Q

What do memory cells enable

A

Quick responses to secondary infection

48
Q

What does further phagocytosis activate more of

A

Macrophages

49
Q

How are cytotoxic T cells activated

A

By release of chemicals (cytokines)

50
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells also known as

A

Killer T cells

51
Q

What do lots of cytotoxic T cells do (2)

A

All bind do antigens and either:

  1. Release chemicals (perforins) that cause holes in pathogens membrane so it’s permeable and will die
  2. Coat the cell in chemicals so it’s a target for phagocytosis (chemotaxis)
52
Q

What are the chemicals called that cytotoxic T cells release causing holes in pathogens membrane

A

Perforins

53
Q

What happens to the pathogen once perforins make it permeable

A

It will die as it can fill with water and explode

54
Q

What type of antigens on body cells can T cells specifically recognise

A

Foreign antigens

55
Q

Where is an antigen fragment associated with an MHC molecule transported to and what recognises this combination

A

Transported to the cell’s surface. Where the combination is recognised by a T cell, alerting it to the infection

56
Q

Describe the cell mediated immune response (3)

A
  1. The T cells secrete cytokines (chemicals)
  2. The cytokines cause the division of killer T cells by mitosis
  3. The killer T cells divide into killer cells + memory cells
57
Q

What’s the process of stimulating the production of active killer T cells called

A

Colonial expansion/selection

58
Q

What types of cells do killer T cells terminate

A

Cancer cells

Cell infected by a virus/bacterium

59
Q

What is cell mediated response protection from (6)

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Cancerous cells
Transplanted tissue
Fungi
Parasitic worms
60
Q

What do B cells attack

What do T cells attack

A

B cells -> attack invaders outside cells

T cells -> attack invaders inside cells

61
Q

What are antibodies a type of

What’s this specific type called

A

Proteins (amino acids held by polypeptide bonds)

Specific type of protein called immunoglobulins

62
Q

What shape are antibodies and what are they made up of

What’s the type of structure

A

Y shaped
Made up of 4 polypeptide chains

Quaternary structure

63
Q

What are the 2 types of chains on an antibody

A 
Light chain (short)
Heavy chain (long)
64
Q

What bit of an antibody is the variable region (differs), bit that binds to antigen

A

Top of light chain (short)

65
Q

How many binding sites does an antibody have

What does it form when it binds to antigen

A

2 binding sites so can bind to 2 antigens

Forms an antibody antigen complex

66
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

White blood cells called b-lymphocytes (b cells)

67
Q

When do b lymphocytes develop

Where to they remain inactive until infection will activate them (3)

A

Develop before/just after birth

Remain inactive in lymph nodes/ liver/ spleen

68
Q

What does the B cell do once an antigen binds to its receptor

A

Antigen is absorbed into B cell and displayed on B cells membrane

69
Q

What cells attach to the presented antigen on the B cell that causes mitosis

A

T-helper cells

70
Q

What 2 things can B-cells become after mitosis

A

Plasma cell

Memory cell

71
Q

What 2 components are plasma cells filled with and why

A

RER -> to make proteins

Mitochondria -> for energy

72
Q

What’s the life span of plasma cells and what do they do

What type of response involves plasma cells

A

Life span of a few days and they secrete antibodies into the blood

This is a primary immune response

73
Q

What’s the life span of memory cells and what do they do

What type of response involves memory cells

A

Can live for decades in blood/tissue fluid
They retain information on antibody production and can divide if the correct antigen is present

Type of secondary immune response

Biology - biological molecules + cells (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions