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Biology - biological molecules + cells > 3.2 Cells 3.2.1.1 Structure Of Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

3.2 Cells 3.2.1.1 Structure Of Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of organelles do eukaryotic cells all contain

A

Membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

What does the nucleus act as and how

E.g

A

The control centre of the cell by producing components needed for protein synthesis

E.g mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes

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3
Q

What does the nucleus contain and in what form

A

Genetic material in chromosomes

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4
Q

5 parts of a nucleus

A 
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pore
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Chromatin
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5
Q

What’s the membrane of the nuclear envelope like

A

Double membrane, phospholipid bilayer

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6
Q

2 things the nuclear envelope does in a cell

A

Controls movement of substances in + out of nucleus

Helps maintain shape of nucleus

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7
Q

What does nuclear pore allow

A

Allows some molecules (e.g RNA) to move between nucleus + cytoplasm

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8
Q

What’s the most dense organelle in the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

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9
Q

What 2 things does the nucleolus do

A

Synthesises sub-unit components of ribosomes

Makes rRNA

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10
Q

When do chromosomes form

A

When the cell is dividing

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11
Q

What’s the nucleoplasm

A

Granular, jelly-like substance

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12
Q

What’s chromatin

What does it do

A

DNA wrapped/coiled around histones (proteins)

Controls cells activities

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13
Q

What are ribosomes the site of

A

Protein synthesis

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14
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

Freely in cytoplasm

Bound to the membrane of the Endoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Where are ribosomes formed

What are they made up of

A

Formed in the nucleus

Made up of RNA and proteins

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16
Q

Where would u find large (80s) ribosomes

A

In plant/animal cells

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17
Q

What 3 places would u find small (70s) ribosomes

A

In bacterial cells, mitochondria + chloroplasts

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18
Q

How do the ribosomes form proteins

A

Between the small subunit and large subunit when they combine, in a gap

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19
Q

What’s the endoplasmic reticulum

A

Folded up membrane system/network

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20
Q

What part of the endoplasmic reticulum are ribosomes

A

Rough (RER)

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21
Q

Where does the protein transport and modifying process begin in a cell

A

The nucleolus

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22
Q

What’s the RER attached to

A

The nucleus’ nuclear envelope

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23
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum have that increases the rate of protein synthesis

A

A large surface area

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24
Q

Where do the synthesised proteins by the ER go to next

A

They pass into the lumen of the ER via pores and then travel to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles

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25
Q

When do the proteins become modified

A

When they are in the Golgi apparatus

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26
Q

How do proteins edit the cell from the Golgi

A

They leave the Golgi in vesicles and then exocytosis occurs

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27
Q

What are vesicles

A

‘Empty’ protein sacs (filled with proteins)

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28
Q

What are the 2 types of membrane in the ER

A

Smooth ER

Rough ER

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29
Q

What does the smooth ER do

A

Synthesises, stores + transports lipids/carbs

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30
Q

What ER is covered in ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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31
Q

What’s cell’s is the endoplasmic reticulum common in

E.g

A

Cells that make/store lots of carbs, protein/lipids

E.g liver cells, epithelial cells in small intestine

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32
Q

How do proteins travel to the Golgi apparatus

A

In vesicles

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33
Q

What’s the Golgi apparatus made up of

How is this beneficial

A

Cisternae - flattened sacs of membrane

Gives a larger SA

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34
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do (3)

A

Modifies proteins + lipids e.g lysosomes
Adds carbohydrates to proteins (glycoproteins)
Releases modified proteins in vesicles (bulk transport)

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35
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus produce when it adds carbohydrates to proteins
Eg

A

Glycoproteins e.g antigens

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36
Q

What are lysosomes a form of

A

Modified protein released from the Golgi apparatus

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37
Q

Lysosomes have a membrane, but what do they not have

A

Have no specified internal structure

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38
Q

What do lysosomes contain

E.g of a cell that contains many

A

Up to 50 digestive enzymes that break down waste in a cell

E.g white blood cells contain lysosomes

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39
Q

4 jobs lysosomes do

A

Digest harmful materials ingested by WBCs
Release enzymes outside the cell for digestion
Digest worn out organelles + recycle their chemicals
Break down cells that have died

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40
Q

What’s the membrane of a lysosome like

A

Thick, double membrane

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41
Q

What are the membranes like in a mitochondria

A

(Bilayer) surrounded by 2 membranes

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42
Q

What’s the inner membrane of mitochondria folded into

A

Cristae

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43
Q

What does the matrix in mitochondria contain

A

Enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

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44
Q

What’s the cytoplasm called in mitochondria

A

Matrix

45
Q

What do mitochondria synthesise

A

ATP (produce energy)

46
Q

What cells are mitochondria common in

E.g

A

Cells that need a lot of energy e.g muscle cells + epithelial cells

47
Q

How can mitochondria make its own proteins + replicate alone

A

As it contains DNA + ribosomes

48
Q

What on the cristae in mitochondria contains the ATP producing enzymes (ATP-ase) for respiration

A

Oxysomes

49
Q

What does the plasma membrane control

A

What substances enter + leave cells

50
Q

What’s a plasma membrane made up of

A

A phospholipid bilayer

51
Q

2 parts of a phospholipid

A 
Phosphate group (head)
Fatty acids (tails)
52
Q

What part of phospholipid is hydrophilic + hydrophobic

A

Phosphate group - hydrophilic (loves water)

Fatty acids - hydrophobic (hate water)

53
Q

What’s embedded into the plasma membrane

A

Proteins

54
Q

3 types of proteins embedded in plasma membrane

A

Ion - channel proteins
Transport proteins
Glycoproteins

55
Q

What do ion-channel proteins allow

E.g

A

Allow some ions to pass through the membrane

E.g Na, K, Fe

56
Q

What can ion-channel proteins not carry

A

Insoluble things (hydrophobic)

57
Q

What do transport proteins do

A

Carry molecule in + out of the cell

58
Q

What do transport proteins use

What process are they involved in

A

Use ATP

Involved in active transport

59
Q

What’s the word for ‘in the membrane ’

A

Instrinsic

60
Q

What do glycoproteins do

A

Act as markers so that the cell can be recognised (antigens)

61
Q

2 things that stick out of membranes

A

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

62
Q

How do you notice glycoproteins on membrane diagrams

A

They are slightly larger and are attached to proteins

63
Q

What’s the word for ‘sticks out of membrane’

A

Extrinsic

64
Q

How do glycoproteins help a group of cells

A

Help them attach to each other, forming cell tissue

65
Q

What do glycolipids help to determine

A

Blood type

66
Q

What are glycolipids made up of

A

Carbohydrates bound to lipids

67
Q

2 ways glycolipids are helpful

A

Help stabilise the membrane

Help cells attach to one another

68
Q

How does cholesterol benefit a membrane

A

Adds strength (holds together tails )

69
Q

Why does cholesterol help reduce water loss from the bilayer

A

As it’s very hydrophobic

70
Q

What does having cholesterol in a membrane reduce and how

A

Reduces movement as it pulls together the lipid tails

71
Q

What’s the model that shows what’s in a membrane called

A

The fluid mosaic model

72
Q

Why’s it called ‘fluid’ ‘mosaic’ model

A

Fluid - slight flexibility as phospholipids move relative to each other
Mosaic - embedded throughout membrane

73
Q

What’s another name for channel proteins

A

Channel proteins

74
Q

What’s another name for transport proteins

A

Carrier proteins

75
Q

Why are channel proteins hydrophilic

What are they like

A

For water + other polar molecules to pass through

Are like pores/holes in the membranes

76
Q

What do carrier proteins use to open them

A

ATP for active transport to open them

77
Q

What do carrier proteins have similar to enzymes

A

Specific binding sites for certain substances, their shape has to be complementary to a specific substance

78
Q

What are chloroplasts in

A

Plants + algae

79
Q

What system are chloroplasts not part of

A

The endoplasmic reticulum system

80
Q

Why are chloroplasts independent like mitochondria

A

They have their own DNA + ribosomes

81
Q

What’s the green pigment called that chloroplasts contain

What’s it important for and why

A

Chlorophyll

Important for photosynthesis as it absorbs sunlight

82
Q

What’s 1 flattened membrane sac in a chloroplast called

What’s a stack of them called

A

Thylakoid

Granum

83
Q

What part of chloroplasts does photosynthesis take part in

A

Thylakoids

84
Q

Why are thylakoids arranges in stacks

A

So they are compact and more can be fitted in , so more chlorophyll, and more photosynthesis

85
Q

What’s the fluid inside a chloroplast called that contains DNA + ribosomes

A

Stroma

86
Q

What 2 things is the stroma in chloroplasts the site of

A

The site of chemical reactions + sugar production (food)

87
Q

3 things the cell wall does

A

Protects cell
Maintains shape
Prevents excessive water uptake/loss

88
Q

What do cell walls contain

A

Cellulose (sugar) , proteins + carbohydrates

89
Q

What are the 3 layers of a cell wall

A

The middle lamella
The primary cell wall
The secondary cell wall

90
Q

Which layer of the cell wall is stretchy

A

The middle lamella

91
Q

What’s the middle lamella

A

The first layer of the cell wall formed after cell division (cell still a baby)
Is the connecting boundary

92
Q

What’s the middle lamella made from

A

Pectin

Protein

93
Q

Why does the middle lamella allow the cell to grow

A

As it isn’t rigid

94
Q

When does the primary cell wall form

A

After the middle lamella

95
Q

Why is the primary cell wall more rigid than middle lamella

A

As it contains cellulose fibres that make it more rigid

96
Q

2 thinks the primary cell wall contains other than cellulose

A

Pectin (carbohydrate)

Glycoproteins

97
Q

What cell wall causes the cell not to grow anymore once it’s formed

A

The secondary cell wall

98
Q

When is the secondary cell wall formed

What does it contain often

A

When the cell is mature

Often contains layers

99
Q

3 things the secondary cell wall is made up of

A

Cellulose
Hemicellulose
Lignin (in woody plants)

100
Q

What’s the biggest part of a plant cell

A

Vacuole

101
Q

What does a permanent vacuole contain

A

Cell sap

102
Q

What’s a vacuoles single membrane called

A

Tonoplast

103
Q

5 things a vacuoles fluid contains

A 
Minerals
Sugars
Amino acids
Waste products
Pigments (anthocyanins)
104
Q

3 uses of a vacuole

A

Keeps cell turgid (firm)
Stores waste products that may damage the cell
Acts as a food store

105
Q

What do the pigments in a vacuole do

A

Add colour to petals

106
Q

What type of compounds does a vacuole contain

A

Poisonous/unpalatable compounds

107
Q

What’s the process called when cells can do specific functions

A

Specialisation

108
Q

What are specialised cells organised into

A

Tissues -> organs -> organ systems

Biology - biological molecules + cells (16 decks)

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