3.1.6 ATP Flashcards
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triphosphate
What is atp made from
1 - adenine
2 - ribose
3 - phosphates
What’s adenine
An organic base containing nitrogen
What’s ribose
A sugar molecule with a 5-carbon ring structure (pentose)
How many phosphate groups are attached
3
What compounds do organic bases act as
Protons acceptors
What would adenine + ribose + 1 phosphate be called
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP)
What would adenine + ribose be called
Adenosine
Whats released when bonds in atp are broken
Energy
What derivative is ATP classed as
Why
Nucleotide derivative
It’s a molecule made of a sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen - contains base
What bonds are key to the energy being released
The bonds between the 3 phosphates
2 facts about each bond
Unstable
Low activation energy
How much energy do you need to apply to break ATP bonds
Not much
What lowers activation energy
Enzymes
What’s applied to break each bond
What reaction is this
Water
Hydrolysis reaction
What are the products when water is added to ATP to break bonds
ADP + Pi (+E)
What’s ADP
Pi
Adenosine diphosphate
Inorganic phosphate
What’s the hydrolysis of ATP catalysed by
ATP hydrolase enzyme (ATPase)
What’s the only phosphate usually removed to produce ADP in living cells
The terminal (end) phosphate
What type of reaction is the hydrolysis of ATP
Why
Exothermic
Gives out energy
How can ATP be made/synthesised
By adding an inorganic phosphate group to ADP
What reaction is the synthesis of ATP
Why
Condensation
Water is produced
What catalyses the synthesis of ATP
ATP synthase
What type of reaction is the condensation reaction to make ATP
why
Endothermic
Uses energy
What are the 3 instances in which synthesis of ATP occurs
Photosynthesis
Respiration
In plant/animal cells
What’s the process atp is made in in photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
What’s the process atp is made in in respiration
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does respiration occur
In mitochondria
When is atp made in plant/animal cells
What’s the process called
When phosphate groups are donated to ADP from other molecules
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What does phosphorylation mean
Adding phosphate
What’s a disadvantage of unstable bonds in ATP
they make it a bad long-term energy store
What type of energy store is atp
What’s the other type
ATP - immediate energy store
Fats and carbohydrates - long-term energy storage
Why is it ok for cells to use a large quantity of ATP
As ATP is re-formed quickly meaning a little ATP can make a large amount of energy
What component will cells that need to produce a lot of ATP have
Mitochondria
5 uses of ATP
Metabolic processes Active transport Movement Secretion (releasing) Activating molecules
Example of a metabolic process using atp
Anabolic reactions (building large molecules from small ones) e.g amino acids -> proteins
What does active transport do
Moves particles from an area of low concentration to high concentration
Example of where atp is useful in active transport
In small intestine when glucose is sent to blood
What’s atp used to move
Muscle filaments past each other to allow the muscle to contract
What is atp used to make that’s necessary for cells to secrete molecules
Lysosomes (in cells that contain enzymes)
What’s activating molecules a use of
Inorganic phosphate
What’s inorganic phosphate used for other compounds for when atp is hydrolysed
What does this lower
Used to make other compounds more reactive
Lowers activation energy of enzyme-catalysed reactions
What’s atp like in water
Very solute
What cells is atp found in
Prokaryotic (bacteria)
What’s some of the energy produced from atp hydrolysis released as
Heat
What’s some of the heat energy released by atp hydrolysis used for in birds/mammals
To maintain a constant internal temperature
