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Biology - biological molecules + cells > 3.1.2 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

3.1.2 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 elements are they all made up of

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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2
Q

They are polymers made up of what

E.g

A

Monomers (simple sugars)

E.g glucose

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3
Q

General formula

A

(CH20)n

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4
Q

What’s glucose an example of

A

A monosaccharide that makes up carbohydrates

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5
Q

2 types of glucose

A

Alpha

Beta

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6
Q

What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose

A

OH is in top in beta glucose, H on top in alpha

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7
Q

5 carbons

6 carbons

A

Pentose

Hexose

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8
Q

What do monosaccharides form to form long chain hydrocarbons

A

Glycosidic bonds

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9
Q

What’s a disaccharide

E.g

A

2 glucoses/simple sugars

Maltose

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10
Q

What’s a polysaccharide

E.gs

A

3/more sugars

E.g starch, glycogen, cellulose

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11
Q

How do monosaccharides form bonds

What is released in the process

A

Via condensation reactions

Water

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12
Q

What are monosaccharides joined to each other by

A

1 oxygen

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13
Q

3 monosaccharides to know

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

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14
Q

What does alpha glucose and fructose produce

A

Sucrose (plants, fruit and veg)

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15
Q

What does alpha glucose and galactose produce

And how

A

Lactose (dairy)

By condensation reaction

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16
Q

What’s the reverse of a condensation reaction , what happens

A

Hydrolysis

Break down of disaccharide to monosaccharides by adding water

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17
Q

What can hydrolysis be sped up by

A

Glucagon

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18
Q

Example of a hydrolysis reaction

A

Breakdown of lactose by the lactase enzyme

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19
Q

5 important carbohydrates

A 
Glucose
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Chitin
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20
Q

What’s starch

A

Glucose storage in plant leaves

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21
Q

What’s glycogen

A

Glucose storage in liver

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22
Q

Where’s cellulose and what’s it for

A

In cell walls of plant cells for structural purposes

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23
Q

Where’s chitin and what does it do

A

In fungal cell walls

Forms insects and crustaceans outer skeletons

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24
Q

What are the 2 different parts of starch

A

Amylopectin

Amylose

25
Q

What’s starch an example of

A

A polysaccharide made of a chain of alpha glucose monomers held by glycosidic bonds

26
Q

What’s starch an energy store in

A

Plants and seeds

27
Q

Which carb has the least branches

A

Starch

28
Q

What’s the amylopectin part of starch like

A

Part that contains branches of glucose

29
Q

Why do plants store starch safely

A

As it’s insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis

30
Q

What carb affects osmosis

A

Glucose

31
Q

What linkages does amylopectin have branches at and why

A

At the 1+5 linkages for quicker hydrolysis

32
Q

What do additional linkages make easier and why is this beneficial for plants

A

Hydrolysis so energy can be provided quicker

33
Q

What’s the amylose part of starch like

A

Long with no branches

34
Q

Why is the amylose part of starch easier to store

A

As it is tightly coiled and compact (like DNA)

35
Q

What’s the amylose spiral held in place by

A

Hydrogen bonds between OH groups (electrons)

36
Q

3 ways starch is adapted for energy storage

A

Compact (amylose) fit in small areas
Can be quickly hydrolysed to release glucose (amylopectin)
Large + insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis

37
Q

Where is glycogen an energy storage

A

In the liver in mammals

38
Q

What’s glycogen formed from

A

Alpha glucose monomers joined by glycosidic bonds

39
Q

What’s the main difference between the properties of starch and glycogen

A

Properties are same but has more branches

40
Q

Why does glycogen need more branches (for glucose to be released faster)

A

As mammals have higher metabolic/respiratory rates than plants so will need more glucose released faster

41
Q

What’s cellulose purpose in plant cell walls if it’s not an energy store

A

Structural

42
Q

What’s cellulose made of

A

Beta glucose monomers joined by glycosidic bonds

43
Q

2 things cellulose does not have

A

No coiled parts / branches

44
Q

What do the cellulose polymers do towards one another

A

Lie parallel

45
Q

What forms as cellulose polymers lie close to each other

A

Cross-links form (hydrogen bonds)

46
Q

What do hydrogen bond crosslinks do to cellulose

A

Make it strong and stable (for cell walls)

47
Q

What wouldn’t form on cellulose if there were branches

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

What’s cellulose like in cell walls

A

Long chains of hydrocarbons that flip at each junction, in bundles

49
Q

What can cellulose chains , held by hydrogen bonds, be grouped together to form

A

Microfibrils

50
Q

What are microfibrils called when many are grouped together

A

Macrofibrils

51
Q

What do macrofibrils grouped together form (bundles of grouped microfibrils)

A

Cellulose fibres

52
Q

What does forming bundles in this way create

A

More strength

53
Q

Which test reacts the easiest

A

For reducing sugars

54
Q

What are the reducing sugars

A

All monosaccharides and most disaccharides

55
Q

What are the non-reducing sugars

A

Some disaccharides

56
Q

What’s the test for reducing sugar

A

Add benedict solution

Heat in a water bath (at least 85*c) - almost boiling point

57
Q

What colours (in order of most present) shows reducing sugar is present

A

Red/orange/yellow

58
Q

Which test needs persuasion to react with Benedictus

A

Non-reducing sugars

59
Q

What does testing for non-reducing sugars consist of

A 
Negative test first with Benedicts
Boil sugar with HCl for 5 minutes
Neutralise with sodium carbonate
Re-test with Benedicts 
Positive test

Biology - biological molecules + cells (16 decks)

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