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Biology - biological molecules + cells > 3.1.3 Lipids > Flashcards

3.1.3 Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are they the only molecules not to be made up of

A

polymers

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2
Q

What are the 3 groups of lipids

A

Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids

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3
Q

4 properties all lipids share

A

Made from carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
Have less oxygen than carbohydrates
Insoluble in water (hydrophobic)
Soluble in alcohol and acetone (organic solvents)

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4
Q

5 things lipids do

A 
Cell membranes
Protection
Insulation
Energy
Waterproofing
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5
Q

What lipids are in cell membranes

What do they do there

A

Phospholipids

Provide flexibility and control substance movements

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6
Q

What lipids provide protection and where

A

Fat around delicate organs

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7
Q

What lipids are used for insulation in the body

Why

A

Fats
They’re slow heat conductors so a thin layer preserves heat
Insulates neurones (myelin sheath) - adipose tissue

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8
Q

What lipids are used for energy when they’re oxidised, what do they do

A

Fats

Release x2 energy of carbohydrates whilst releasing water

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9
Q

What do plants and animals rely on to make them waterproof

A

Waxy cuticles

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10
Q

What lipids do mammals release

A

Oily secretion

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11
Q

What’s the correct name for fats

A

Triglycerides

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12
Q

What’s the structure of 1 triglyceride

A

3 fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone

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13
Q

What are triglycerides in

A

Butter, oils, foods

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14
Q

What’s glycerol

A

An alcohol formed from 3 carbons

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15
Q

What does each carbon atom have attached to it in a triglyceride

A

A hydroxyl group

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16
Q

What’s glycerol bound to in a triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids

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17
Q

What are fatty acids formed from

A

Long hydrocarbon chains (usually 16-18 carbons)

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18
Q

What do fatty acids end in

A

A carboxyl group (COOH)

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19
Q

What are carboxyl groups

A

Oxygen double bonded to carbon double bonded to hydroxyl group (-COOH)

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20
Q

How many different fatty acids are there

A

Over 70

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21
Q

What will each different triglyceride have different and the same

A

Same glycerol

Different fatty acid attached to glycerol

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22
Q

What type of molecules are triglycerides

A

Non-polar

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23
Q

What do polar molecules have

A

2 ends (poles) that behave differently from one another e.g 1 side +, 1 side -

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24
Q

Is water polar or non-polar and how

A

Polar

Hydrogen is slightly positive and oxygen is negative due to electron distribution

25
Q

What do hydrogen and oxygen in water bond with

A

Substances that dissolve in water

26
Q

What are triglycerides unable to do as they’re non-polar

A

Form hydrogen bonds with water

27
Q

What are 3 fatty acids bound to the glycerol by

A

Ester linkages

28
Q

What reaction forms triglycerides

What is released

A

Condensation reaction

Water

29
Q

What are ester linkages broken down by

A

Hydrolysis

30
Q

How many water molecules are released when a triglyceride is formed
Why

A

3

1 molecule released from each ester linkage

31
Q

What triglyceride is the worst fat

A

Saturated

32
Q

What do Saturated triglyceride chains look like

A

Straight

33
Q

What do unSaturated triglyceride chains look like

A

Have a kink in

34
Q

Which fats are mostly all saturated

A

Animal fats

35
Q

What are saturated triglycerides normally at room temperature

A

Solids

36
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unSaturated triglycerides

A

Saturated - no double bonds so maximum number of hydrogens

UnSaturated - double bonds between some carbons so more hydrogen could bind

37
Q

What’s a triglyceride with 1 carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

38
Q

What’s a triglyceride with more than 1 carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

39
Q

Example of unSaturated fats

A

Most plant/fish fats

40
Q

What are unSaturated fatty acids at room temperature

A

Oils

41
Q

What type of molecules are phospholipids

A

Individual molecules

42
Q

Where are phospholipids

A

In cell membranes

43
Q

Similarity between triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Both based on glycerol

44
Q

Difference between triglycerides and phospholipids

A

Phospholipids Only have 2 fatty acids instead of 3, 1 replaced by a phosphate group

45
Q

Which part of a phospholipid is the phosphate group

How does it act around water

A

Head

Hydrophilic

46
Q

Which part of a phospholipid are the 2 fatty acids

How does it act around water

A

Tails

Hydrophobic

47
Q

What’s the shoulder of a phospholipid

A

Glycerol

48
Q

What bond is the phosphate group

A

Ionic

49
Q

What bond are the fatty acids

A

Covalent

50
Q

How do phospholipids arrange in water

A

Into a bilayer

51
Q

Which way do the heads and tails face

A

Heads - outwards

Tails - inwards

52
Q

Are phospholipids polar or non-polar

Why

A

Polar

Have 2 ends (poles) that act differently

53
Q

Why are phospholipids vital parts of the cell membrane

A

As their bilayer creates a barrier

54
Q

What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic involve as well as water

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

What’s the test of lipids

A

The emulsion test

56
Q

What’s the emulsion test based on

A

The fact they’re insoluble in water

57
Q

What’s the method for the emulsion test

A 
Use a dry test tube (no grease/oil)
Add 2ml of the solution to test
Add 3ml ethanol 
Shake sample to dissolve any present lipids
Filter mixture if necessary 
Add 5ml water + shake gently
58
Q

What’s the result of the emulsion test

A

Any filtrate not dissolved in water forms an emulsion at top (milky white colour due to fat droplets refracting light)

59
Q

Exposing test tube at end of emulsion test

A

Fat + ethanol at top (milky white emulsion)

Water at bottom

Biology - biological molecules + cells (16 decks)

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