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Biology - biological molecules + cells > 3.1.5 Nucleic Acids 3.1.5.1 Structure Of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

3.1.5 Nucleic Acids 3.1.5.1 Structure Of DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

Full names for DNA and RNA

A

DNA - deoxyrubonucleic acid

RNA - ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

2 scientists who helped us understand DNA structure (1953)

A

James Watson

Francis crick

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3
Q

Who made their work for DNA structure possible and how

A

Rosalind franklin

She discovered DNA using X-ray imaging

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4
Q

What did DNA discovery open up

A

Major scientific breakthroughs and medical research

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5
Q

What does DNA carry

A

Genetic code

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6
Q

Where is DNA stored

A

In nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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7
Q

What’s DNA stored as in nucleus’

A

Chromosomes (x shaped)

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8
Q

What’s DNA and what’s it made up of

A

A polymer made of of nucleotide monomers

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9
Q

3 parts of DNA structure

A

Phosphate group
Deoxyribose sugar
Organic base (1 of 4)

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10
Q

How many sides does deoxyribose sugar have

A

5

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11
Q

4 possible DNA bases

A

Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

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12
Q

How are the base , sugar and phosphate group joined together in DNA
Whats released

A

Condensation reaction

Water

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13
Q

Another word for 1 nucleotide

A

Mononucleotide

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14
Q

Another word for 2 nucleotides

What would they be joined by

A

Dinucleotide

Condensation reaction

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15
Q

What’s the bond between mononucleotides called

A

Phosphodiester bond

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16
Q

What parts of mononuclotides does the phosphodiester bond form between

A

The sugar of 1

Phosphate group of another

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17
Q

What’s the phosphate backbone made up of

A

Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

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18
Q

What polymer is made by joining many mononucleotides in condensation reactions

A

Polynucleotide

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19
Q

What do organic bases form

What do they contain

A

Complementary base pairs

Nitrogen

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20
Q

What does adenine pair with always

A

Thymine

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21
Q

What does cytosine pair with always

A

Guanine

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22
Q

What must the quantities of A + T and C + G be like In a DNA molecule

A

Equal

23
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do A + T have joining to each other

A

2

24
Q

How many hydrogen bonds do C + G have joining to each other

A

3

25
Q

Is A + T or C + G stronger

Why

A

C + G

An extra hydrogen bond
They’re weak but stronger the more that there are

26
Q

What does the DNA backbone have

Whats formed

A

2 strands that coil around each other

Forming a double helix

27
Q

How are the 2 strands held in a twist in DNA

A

By hydrogen bonds that form between base pairs

28
Q

What’s DNA the more stable with

A

The more cytosine + guanine base pairs there are as they have 3 hydrogen bonds

29
Q

How many carbon-nitrogen rings do thymine and cytosine have

A

Just 1

30
Q

How many carbon-nitrogen rings do adenine and guanine have

A

2

31
Q

What 2 bases are the biggest

What are they called

A

Adenine
Guanine

Purines (longer bases)

32
Q

What are thymine and cytosine also know as

A

Pyrimidines (shorter bases)

33
Q

Whys a DNA molecule the same width throughout

Why is the good

A

As a purine base always bonds with a pyrimidine base

So it can coil neatly

34
Q

Whys stability in DNA important

A

As DNA is used to pass on genetic information through generations so it must be copied without any changes

35
Q

3 ways DNA is stable

A

Hydrogen bonds between bases
Coiling of DNA keeps chemically reactive bases protected in helix
Further forces between bases help (base stacking) bonds form between adjacent bases

36
Q

Whats the bond process called that forms between adjacent bases for stability

A

Base stacking

37
Q

What arrangement is DNA in

A

Antiparralel arrangement

38
Q

What’s antiparallel arrangement

A

When 1 strand of nucleotide is the right way up with other is upside down

39
Q

What sugar do nucleotides have with carbons numbered 1-5

A

Pentose

40
Q

What group is on carbon 3 in a nucleotide

A

Hydroxyl group (OH)

41
Q

What is carbon 5 on a nucleotide attached to

A

The phosphate group of another nucleotide

42
Q

What are the 3 and 5 carbons often called

A

3-prime

5-prime

43
Q

3 points about the left side of the antiparallel arrangement diagram

A

Top strand is NOT upside down
5-prime at top, 3-prime at bottom
Strand runs in direction of 5’ -> 3’

44
Q

3 points about the right side of the antiparallel arrangement diagram

A

Top strand is upside down
3-prime carbon at top, 5-prime at bottom
Strand runs in 3’ -> 5’ direction

45
Q

3 other DNA adaptions

A

Huge - carries lots of information to each generation

Base pairing rules allow DNA to be copied each time accurately and allows information to be transferred (e.g during protein synthesis)

DNA coiling into a helix protects the code from chemicals/physical forces outside

46
Q

Why did people used to not think DNA could be the code for life

A

As it only had 4 bases so was said to be too simple

47
Q

What’s RNA made up of like DNA

A

Nucleotides

48
Q

3 differences between rna and DNA

A

Its single stranded and quite short
Pentose sugar is ribose (not deoxyribose)
4 bases are a, g, c and uracil (not thymine)

49
Q

2 most important types of RNA

A

mRNA

tRNA

50
Q

What’s mRNA

What does it do

A

Messenger rna

Transfers genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes

51
Q

What’s tRNA

What’s it involved in

A

Transfer rna

Protein synthesis

52
Q

What does tRNA look like

A

1 single strand folded to form a clover leaf shape structure

53
Q

What’s rRna

what does it make up

A

Ribosomal rna

Makes up ribosomes with protein

54
Q

What’s the point in DNA (3)

A

Designed to control :

Protein synthesis
Cell division (mitosis and meiosis)
Passing on genetic information (inheritance)

Biology - biological molecules + cells (16 decks)

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