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Human Geography - A level AQA > 🧍3.2.3.2 - Urban forms > Flashcards

🧍3.2.3.2 - Urban forms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an urban form?

A

The physical characteristics that go towards making up an urban area, shape, size, population density etc

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2
Q

What features do world cities have?

A

Major transport links
Higher quality education facilities
More luxurious leisure and entertainment
Hub for trade and manufacturing, industry
Centre for decision making and power on global scales

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3
Q

What are pre-industrial cities?

A

Largely unaffected by industrial developments and have retained much of urban layout and characteristics, historic buildings such as churches and castles dominate city centre eg Bath, York, Lincoln

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4
Q

What are modern/industrial cities?

A

Similar activities and similar people group together, homogenous areas with each area dominated by particular land use. Dominant CBD and residential zoning eg Birmimgham

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5
Q

What are post-industrial cities?

A

Urban mosaic - more chaotic and looser structure with many smaller zones rather than one or two domination. Multi-nodal structure and less dominant CBD eg Tokyo, Milton Keynes

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6
Q

What are public-transport oriented/motor based cities?

A

Integrated approach to planning, developments along railway lines and main roads, linked to major road networks and non-residential land use on urban fringe eg. Hong Kong and Detroit

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7
Q

What are African cities?

A

Cities grown from colonial settlements and have not experienced the industrialisation of US/European urban centres, dominant CBD and political/cultural centre. eg Nairobi, Cape Town

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8
Q

What are socialist cities?

A

Followed principle of classless cities, everyone should live in same type of housing block irrespective of location, housing located close to services to encourage walking, homogeneous with large administrative/political centre rather than commercial eg Prague

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9
Q

What are wet points?

A

If an area is likely to flood, people are less inclined to live there. If there is reliable water sources, a population may thrive.

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10
Q

What are dry points?

A

In areas of drought, people are less inclines to live there, but if floods are rare it may be beneficial

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11
Q

What are gap towns?

A

Between hills/mountains where less people visit due to the difficult location, smaller population and long, thin shape due to valleys

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12
Q

How do resources affect urban characteristics?

A

The more resources a city has, the more they can build and the more growth can occur economically and physically

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13
Q

How does relief affect urban characteristics?

A

Flatter land requires higher prices, good to build on. Attracts wealthy people and businesses

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14
Q

Which contrasting settings can be used to compare urban characteristics?

A

Dharavi, Mumbai and Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham

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15
Q

What is the CBD?

A

The commercial and business centre of a city

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16
Q

What are residential areas?

A

Area providing accommodation and other services

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17
Q

What are out of town retail developments?

A

Large, specially built areas usually on the edge of town where there are lots of large shops and other facilities as well as free parking

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18
Q

What are business and science parks?

A

An organisation managed by professionals whose main aim is to increase the wealth of its community by promoting the culture of innovation and competitiveness

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19
Q

What is the inner city?

A

An area near the centre of a city, especially associated with social and economic problems

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20
Q

Describe the Hoyt model:

A

A central CBD, with surrounding lower class residential and light manufacturing extending out from the centre in some areas. Middle and upper class residential towards the outside, round the edge

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21
Q

Describe the multiple nuclei model:

A

A fairly central, but offset CBD surrounded by lower and middle class residential on either side. Includes industrial parks and heavy industry on outskirts and different nuclei of light manufacturing and wholesale

22
Q

What is Bid-Rent theory/distance decay?

A

The further the distance from the CBD, the lower the price of land

23
Q

What are examples of new urban landscapes?

A

Cultural and heritage quarters
Gentrified areas
Fortress landscapes
Edge cities

24
Q

What are town centre mixed developments?

A

Blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional and industrial uses, interconnected both physically and functionally. Safely and easily accessed by pedestrians

25
Q

What are the pros of town centre mixed developments?

A

Helps prevent/manage CBD decline
New offices and recreational areas
People encouraged into the city centre

26
Q

What are the cons of town centre mixed developments?

A

Still possible for CBD decline, doesn’t always prevent it

Expensive, high land value

27
Q

What is an example of a town centre mixed development?

A

BedZED

28
Q

What are changes in city centre cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Cultural quarter developed to encourage growth and revitalise the local economy in the arts and creative industries

29
Q

What are the pros of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Make use of long term associations with certain things, eg Gloucester Docks
Focused on the history of the area

30
Q

What are the cons of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

An area must have some sort of cultural heritage for the scheme to be successful

31
Q

What is an example of cultural and heritage quarters?

A

Jewellery Quarter - Birmingham

Cardiff Bay

32
Q

What are Gentrified areas?

A

A form of inner city regeneration, involves movement of affluent usually young middle class people into traditionally run down, cheaper areas of the inner city

33
Q

What are the pros of gentrified areas?

A

Property values increase as money is invested
Local services upgraded
Desirable, improved previously run down areas

34
Q

What are the cons of gentrified areas?

A 
Local people may feel alienated and price out of the local housing market
Trickle-down effects on working class people
35
Q

What is an example of a gentrified area?

A

Oxford

36
Q

What are fortress developments?

A

Anti-terrorist and crime prevention measures, plus the urge to kee people moving contribute to the way that buildings are designed. Designed around security, exclusion, surveillance and protection

37
Q

What are the pros of fortress developments?

A

High tech security features keep people inside safe

38
Q

What are the cons of fortress developments?

A

Many features installed to prevent homeless people being able to sleep - anti-homeless spikes, sloped benches etc.
More liveable for the consumer, less so for other people

39
Q

What is an example of a fortress development?

A

The US Embassy, London

40
Q

What are edge cities?

A

The decentralisation of people and economic activities lead to the suburbs becoming centres with city like qualities. Offices, residential, leisure centres etc

41
Q

What are the pros of edge cities?

A

Close to transport links and shops/recreational areas etc

42
Q

What are the cons of edge cities?

A

Draws people out of the city, down to decentralisation

43
Q

What is an example of an Edge City?

A

Bunkers Hill, Lincoln

44
Q

What is a post modern western city?

A

An urban form associated with changes in urban structure and architectural design, reflecting the changed social and economic conditions of the late 20th century in some western cities

45
Q

What is the concept of a PMWC based on?

A

The experiences of a small number of American cities

46
Q

What were the features of modernism?

A

Concrete, glass, steel, less is more, blank canvas after WW2 destruction

47
Q

What are the features of postmodernism?

A

Design over function, unnecessary ornamentation, mix of features from classical and modern with twists.

48
Q

What urban structure do postmodern cities have?

A

Multi-nodal with high tech corridors and post suburban developments

49
Q

What are postmodern economies based on?

A

The service sector, focused on niche markets. Globalised and dominated by telecommunications

50
Q

What do post modern cities encourage?

A

Diversity and mixing of social groups

51
Q

What are the characteristics of a post modern western city?

A 
Fragmentation
Globalisation
Simulation
Fortification
Beautification
52
Q

Where is an example of a PMWC?

A

Los Angeles

Human Geography - A level AQA (44 decks)

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