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Human Geography - A level AQA > 🧍3.2.1.3 - International Trade and Access to Markets > Flashcards

🧍3.2.1.3 - International Trade and Access to Markets Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an import licence?

A

A licence issued by a national government authorising the importation of goods form a specific source

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2
Q

What are import quotas?

A

A physical limit on the quantity of goods that can be imported into a country

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3
Q

What are subsidies?

A

Grants or allowances usually awarded to domestic producers to reduce their costs and make them more competitive against imports

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4
Q

What are voluntary export restraints?

A

A diplomatic strategy offered by the exporting country to appease the importing country and deter it from opposing trade barriers

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5
Q

What are embargoes?

A

Impose the partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade within a particular country. Put into practice for political rather than commercial reasons.

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6
Q

What are the main barriers to trade?

A

Import licences, import quotas, subsidies, voluntary export restraints and embargoes.

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7
Q

What are trade restrictions?

A

Other import restrictions may be based on technical or regulatory obstacles such as the quality standards of goods being imported or how they are produced

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8
Q

What is an example of an EU trade restriction?

A

The import of goods knowingly produced using child labour

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9
Q

What is FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment, the amount of capital invested in foreign countries

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10
Q

What are the main global causes of FDI?

A

Natural resources and size of a country’s population/market

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11
Q

What is a transition economy?

A

One that is changing from a centrally planned economy to one driven by market forces

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12
Q

What are some of the top FDI giving countries?

A

US, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Belgium, Japan, Canada…

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13
Q

What are some of the top FDI receiving countries?

A

US, Hong Kong, China, UK, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Canada, Singapore

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14
Q

What are trade relationships?

A

Alter how and why places trade with each other

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15
Q

What are some examples of trade relationships?

A

TTP, TTIP, G7, G20, MERCOSUR, Pacific Alliance

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16
Q

Which countries make up the G7?

A

Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, US, UK

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17
Q

What must the G7 countries have?

A

A high net national wealth and a high HDI

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18
Q

Why was the G20 set up?

A

To give a voice to major developing countries in 1999, who felt that the WTO was not fully serving their needs

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19
Q

What are some of the countries involved in the G20?

A

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Turkey etc as well as G7 countries and the EU

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20
Q

How is China investing in Africa?

A

In old copper mines in Zambia and Botswana needed to support the ‘industrial explosion’ in China

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21
Q

How has China’s investment supported African countries?

A

They have been able to develop infrastructure as well as healthcare and education

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22
Q

What does China rely on African markets for?

A

A steady flow of natural resources to sustain manufacturing

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23
Q

What does China export to Africa?

A

Cheap manufactured goods, FDI, much needed infrastructure and loans of billions of dollars

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24
Q

How much of China’s FDI is distributed in Africa?

A

50%

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25
Q

How are Chinese Infrastructure programs exploiting Africa?

A

They are carried out by Chinese workers instead of giving local companies and citizens a vital opportunity to grown in experience and capital. They bring huge profits to Chinese companies

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26
Q

How has China compromised human rights in Africa?

A

In 2011, Human Rights Watch released a scathing review of treatment of Zambian workers in Chinese owned copper mines, with unsafe conditions, exploitative hours and threats to those who posed complaints

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27
Q

What have Chinese infrastructure programs created?

A

Roads, bridges, railways, schools and hospitals

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28
Q

How is China benefiting politically from Africa?

A

It is gaining power as Africa carries great diplomatic weight, shifting China’s diplomatic influence away frm the US

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29
Q

How has China demonstrated its political power in Africa?

A

It built its first ever overseas military base on the coast of Djibouti, less than 10 miles away from the US AFRICOM, giving access to the Red Sea and Indian Ocean

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30
Q

How does inequality occur within MERCOSUR?

A

There are different levels of membership, unlike with EU, NAFTA etc

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31
Q

What is SDT?

A

Special and differential treatment

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32
Q

Why were SDTs set up?

A

To ensure that protectionist policies wouldn’t exclude many developing countries form trading freely with more developed nations due to tariffs and quota barriers

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33
Q

What were the aims of introducing SDTs?

A

Tackle the structural handicaps that characterise LDCs
Engage in world trade on a more advantageous level
Promote faster income growth and development

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34
Q

What are LDCs?

A

Least Developed Countries, a category created by the UN General Assembly

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35
Q

What was the view of creating LDCs?

A

To provide the least developed among developing countries with special support measures to overcome their specific disadvantages

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36
Q

What are the structural handicaps of LDCs?

A

A low level of income
A concentration on export of primary goods
Vulnerability to export price volatility

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37
Q

Special and differential treatment is an…

A

…acquired political right

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38
Q

Developing countries should enjoy privileged access to the markets of…

A

…their trading partners, particularly in developed countries

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39
Q

Developing countries should have the right to restrict imports…

A

…to a greater degree than developed countries

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40
Q

Developing countries should be allowed flexibility in…

A

…the application of certain WTO rules, or to postpone the application of rules

41
Q

What are some of the issues with SDTs?

A

Not all LDCs are members of the WTO and application can be lengthy
LDCs are not fully aware of SDTs and so not make productive use of them
There is concern among richer nations that markets will be flooded with cheap imports and undermine their own industrial base

42
Q

Which country is currently the greatest exporter?

A

China, followed by the US and Germany

43
Q

What is the most exported product?

A

Oil, followed by cars and processed petroleum oil

44
Q

Which countries are the biggest importers?

A

US, China, Germany

45
Q

What is Fair Trade?

A

A social movement to try and achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Traditionally, products are exported to richer nations from developing ones

46
Q

What standards does Fair Trade set?

A

Social, economic and environmental, for both companies and farmers/workers

47
Q

What do Fair Trade standards ensure?

A

Protection of worker’s rights
Protection of the environment
Payment of the Fair Trade Minimum Price

48
Q

What is the Fair Trade Premium?

A

An additional price to invest in business or community projects of the community’s choice

49
Q

How do Fair Trade ensure standards are met?

A

Independent checks

50
Q

What do members of the Fair Trade movement advocate?

A

The payment of higher prices to producers as well as helping them achieve improved social and environmental standards

51
Q

How are Fair Trade producers organised?

A

International organisations organise them into co-operatives to combine their produce

52
Q

How do co-operatives benefit producers?

A

It gives them more influence in governing market conditions and the power to negotiate better deals with suppliers or supply direct

53
Q

What are alternative trading organisations?

A

Cafedirect, Oxfam Trading etc, other organisations which focus on application of Fair Trade

54
Q

What is the main goal of Fair Trade?

A

To achieve better trading conditions and promote sustainability, empowering the poorest people

55
Q

What is the main goal of free trade?

A

Increase economic growth

56
Q

What does Fair Trade focus on?

A

Social, economic and environmental standards, trade among individuals

57
Q

What does free trade focus on?

A

Trade policies between countries

58
Q

Who does Fair Trade primarily benefit?

A

Farmers, workers, comunities in LICs

59
Q

Who does Free Trade primarily benefit?

A

MNCs, powerful businesses

60
Q

What are some of the criticisms of Fair Trade?

A

Interferes with free market, ineffective, impact too small scale

61
Q

What are the major actions of free trade?

A

Countries lower tariffs, labour and environmental standards

62
Q

What are the major actions of Fair Trade?

A

Long term relationships, higher labour and environmental standards

63
Q

What are the key advocate organisations of free trade?

A

WTO, World Bank, IMF

64
Q

What are the key advocate organisations of Fair Trade?

A

Cafedirect, Oxfam Trading, World Fair Trade Organisation

65
Q

What are the benefits of Fair Trade?

A

Raises labour and environmental standards
Forms long term relationships with producers
Encourages community development
Benefits the poorest people and prevents exploitation

66
Q

What are the issues with Fair Trade?

A 
Encourages higher prices for consumers
Interferes with free market
Inefficient
Impact is small scale
People don't buy as much of a product
67
Q

What are some of the largest global TNCs?

A 
General Electrics
Vodafone
Ford
BP
General Motors
Shell
68
Q

Why do TNCs base their operations in LEDCs?

A

Production costs are less
Governments want to host TNCs and so offer financial incentives
LEDCs often have fewer environmental restriction

69
Q

Why might TNCs base operations in MEDCs?

A

A place has a history of the industry eg. engineering for car companies
Cheap land in declining areas
Well developed transport
High unemployment, available labour

70
Q

What are some of the benefits of TNCs to host countries?

A 
Employment
Improved technology
Infrastructure development
Financial support
Inward Investment
Multiplier effect
71
Q

What is inward investment?

A

Local economy is improved without using taxpayer’s money

72
Q

What is the multiplier effect?

A

The local economy is boosted by increase personal income generating more ‘buying power’

73
Q

What are some of the drawbacks of TNCs in host countries?

A 
Labour force
Foreign decision makers
Profits return to country of origin
Grants given to TNCs rather than directly
Health and safety issues
Environmental issues
74
Q

How do TNCs positively impact development in NEEs?

A

Provides jobs through manufacturing
Brings financial attention to area
Contribute to infrastructure development
Invest into the area/country

75
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact development in NEEs?

A

Can impact the environment negatively
Can exploit cheap labour
Bad working conditions/rules

76
Q

How do TNCs positively impact development in LICs?

A

Raw materials extracted
Materials needed to fuel factories
Provides income/economy
Increased infrastructure to transport materials

77
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact development in LICs?

A

Can damage environment
Products not available in LICs
Inequality created within HICs

78
Q

How do TNCs positively impact employment in HICs?

A 
Create high paid, high skill jobs
Attract other TNCs to area
Attract highly skilled workforce
Enhances reputation
Infrastructure development, jobs
79
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact employment in HICs?

A

Loss of lower skilled jobs
Often employ foreign nationals
Sufficient work not provided
Tax moved elsewhere

80
Q

How do TNCs positively impact opinions of global systems?

A

TNCs can increase trade between LICs/HICs
Can reduce poverty levels - IMF
Increase infrastructure + jobs
Decrease inequality - World Bank

81
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact opinions of global systems?

A

Human rights may be violated - UN
Environmental damage - Greenpeace
Tax avoidance - WTO

82
Q

How do TNCs positively impact product creation and development?

A

Creates new jobs in design
New technological development
Creates jobs in manufacturing
Improved reliability of products

83
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact product creation and development?

A

Can cause increased price
New laws/regulations needed
More secrecy with workers
Creates social divide

84
Q

How do TNCs positively impact global inequality?

A 
Jobs for people in NEEs/LICs
Otherwise unemployed
Brings global investments to NEEs
Infrastructure development
Contributes to economies
85
Q

How do TNCs negatively impact global inequality?

A

New products increase inequality
Technology not available in LICs
Prices of products can cause inequality
Creates social divide

86
Q

What is the general role of the UN?

A

Maintain international peace and uphold international law
Protect human rights
Deliver humanitarian aid
Promote sustainable development

87
Q

What is the UNDP?

A

United Nations Development Programme

88
Q

What is the role of the UNDP?

A

Advocates for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and resources
Helps countries develop strong policies, skills, partnerships and institutions so they can sustain this progress
Create jobs, register votes and put disaster risk reduction plans in place

89
Q

What are the millennium development goals?

A

8 goals put in place to be achieved by 2015, replaced by sustainable development goals, with a deadline of 2030 for 17 goals

90
Q

What do the millennium development goals include?

A

Eradicating hunger and poverty, gender equality, sustainability

91
Q

How many millennium development goals were met?

A

1 of the 8

92
Q

What is UNEP?

A

United Nations Environment Programme

93
Q

What is the role of UNEP?

A

Co-ordinates organisation’s environmental activities and assists developing countries in implementing environmentally sound practices and policies
Work with Greenpeace and World Bank/IMF

94
Q

What is the WSSD?

A

World Summit on Sustainable Development

95
Q

What is the role of the WSSD?

A

An intergovernmental conference on sustainable development, focuses on direct action towards meeting difficult challenges, including conserving natural resources

96
Q

What is the UNFCCC?

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

97
Q

What is the role of the UNFCCC?

A

To support the global response to the threat of climate change

98
Q

What are operational NGOs?

A

Primarily concerned with development projects adn operational work

99
Q

What are advocacy NGOs?

A

Primarily concerned with promoting a cause, rather than doing operational work

Human Geography - A level AQA (44 decks)

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