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NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 > 3.2.1.2 Prokaryotes and Virus Structure (Unit 2 Cells) > Flashcards

3.2.1.2 Prokaryotes and Virus Structure (Unit 2 Cells) Flashcards

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1
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Attachment protein

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2
Q

The nucleic acid in a virus is enclosed within a protein coat called a…

A

capsid

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3
Q

Do prokaryotes have a nucelus?

A

No

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4
Q

Most of the success of bacteria is down to…

A

their small size

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5
Q

Plasmids are useful to scientists when they perform

A

genetic engineering e.g. transfer of human insulin gene to bacterial cells.

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6
Q

Sometimes a virus will have an additional layer of lipid called a..

A

lipid envelope

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7
Q

Describe the structure of the genetic information of a prokaryotic cell.

A
  • Main circular strand of DNA not in a nucleus
  • Smaller circular pieces of DNA (plasmids)
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8
Q

What is the function of a plasmid?

A

Small, self replicating circles of DNA that give bacteria resistance to antibiotics.

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9
Q

Attachment proteins can be found where on a virus?

A
  • In the lipid envelope (if the virus has one)
  • In the capsid (if the virus does not have a lipid envelope.
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10
Q

What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A
  • Eukaryotic cells are larger
  • The DNA of Eukaryotic cells is found in a nucleus.
  • Eukaryotic cells have organelles with membranes (mitochondria/chloroplasts etc.)
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11
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Large circle of DNA

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12
Q

What is meant by a membrane bound organelle?

A

An organelles that has its own phospholipid bilayer.

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13
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Lipid envelope

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14
Q

Identify the membrane bound organelles of a eukaroytic cell that would not be present in a prokaryotic cell.

A
  • Mitochondrion
  • Chloroplasts
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vacuoles
  • Lysosomes
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15
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Genetic material (RNA)

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16
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Cell-surface membrane

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17
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Capsule

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18
Q

Identify the missing label in HIV.

A

Reverse transcriptase enzyme

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19
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Cell wall (containing murein)

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20
Q

The outer layer of mucilagionus slime around a bacterial cell is called the…

A

capsule

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21
Q

Do prokaryotic cells contain membrane-bounded organelles e.g. mitochondrion?

A

No

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22
Q

How small are bacteria?

A

0.1-10 µm

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23
Q

Are viruses generally bigger or smaller than bacteria?

A

smaller

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24
Q

The cell wall of bacteria contains a peptidoglycan (polysaccharide chains with peptide cross-links) called…

A

murein

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25
Q

How big is a virus?

A

20-300 nm

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26
Q

Give an example of a prokaryote

A

Bacteria

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27
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

No as they cannot reproduce without a host. (think MRS GREN)

28
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Ribosome

29
Q

What is the function of the attachment proteins on a virus?

A
  • Identificaiton of a host cell.
  • Attachment to a host cell
30
Q

How can some bacterial cells perform photosynthesis if they do not contain chloroplasts?

A

They contain ‘bacterial chlorophyll’ which is associated with the memrbane of the bacterial cell.

31
Q

Is the DNA of a prokaryotic cell associated with proteins (histones)?

A

No

32
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Plasmid

33
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Matrix

34
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

Prokaryotic cells contain ______ ribosomes. These are smaller than 80S ribsomes that are found in eukaryotic cells.

A

70S

36
Q

Identify the missing label.

A

Capsid

37
Q

How do bacterial cells divide?

A

binary fission

38
Q

Desribe 2 aseptic techniques for growing bacteria

A

keep lid on

wear gloves

wash hands

use sterile pipette

flame the neck of the bottle

flame to innoculating loop

39
Q

contrast a human cell with a bacterial cell

(try and think of 5 key features)

A
  1. Bacterial cell is much smaller than a human cell;
  2. Bacterial cell has a cell wall but human cell does not;
  3. Bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but human cell has a nucleus;
  4. Bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound organelles but human cell has membrane-bound organelles;
  5. Bacterial ribosomes smaller than human ribosomes / bacteria have 70S ribosomes whereas humans have 80S ribosomes;
  6. Bacterial DNA is circular but human DNA is linear;
  7. Bacterial DNA is ‘naked’ whereas human DNA is bound to histones/proteins;
40
Q

Describe how bacteria divide

A

binary fission

replcation of DNA (circular)

division of cytoplasm to produce 2 DAUGHTER cells

each with a single copy of DNA

41
Q

When growing bacteria, it is grown on agar, why is the agar boiled before pouring agar plates?

A

to kills unwanted bacteria that could contaminate the plate

42
Q

Give 2 ways in which the DNA of prokaryotic DNA is different to arrangement of DNA in humans

A

Prokaryotic DNA is

  1. Circular (not linear)

2 Not associated with histones/proteins

  1. Only ONE piece of DNA
  2. Plasmids also present
43
Q

Name the main biological molecule in a bacterial cell wall

A

murein or glcoprotein or peptidoglycans

44
Q

name the mani biological molecule in the cell membrane

A

phospholipid

45
Q

name the process by which prokaryotic cells divide

A

binary fission

46
Q

compare the DNA in eukaryotes with prokaryotes

A

nucelotide structure same

joined by phosphodiester bond

DNA same in both

47
Q

contrast the DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

eukaryotic DNA longER

Eukaryotic DNA contains introns prokaryotic DNA does not

eukaryotic DNA linear, prokaryotic circular

eukaryotic DNA associated with proteins, prokaryotic DNA is not

48
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human immunodeficiency virus

49
Q

What does AIDS stand for?

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

50
Q

Is it possible to catch AIDS? Why?

A

No. AIDS results from HIV which is contagious

51
Q

What surrounds the HIV virus?

A

lipid envelope

52
Q

What structures are embedded within the lipid envelope surrounding the viral cell?

A

attachment proteins

53
Q

What layer is inside of the lipid envelope on an HIV virus?

A

capsid

54
Q

What is inside of the capsid on an HIV virus?

A

RNA and some enzymes

55
Q

What is the enzyme found within the capsid of the HIV virus?

A

Reverse transcriptase to make DNA from RNA using the host cells organelles.

56
Q

The presence of the enzyme reverse transcriptase means that HIV belongs to which group of viruses?

A

retroviruses

57
Q

How does HIV get its genetic information into its host cell?

A
  • A protein on the HIV binds to CD4 (a protein) found on helper T cells
  • the HIV capsid fuses with the host cell membrane
  • the RNA and enzymes move from the HIV virus into the helper T cell
  • the HIV reverse transcriptase converts the RNA into DNA.
  • DNA is integrated into the host cell DNA
58
Q

How does HIV replicate in its host cell?

A

HIV attachment proteins complementary to the receptors on the helper T cell
Virus nucleic acid enters the cell
Reverse transcriptase converts RNA to DNA and inserted into the host genome
DNA is transcribed and the HIV capsid (protein) and enzymes are made by host cell ribosomes.
Everything is assembled by the host cells RER and Golgi apparatus into new virus protein, capsid, enzymes.
Virus are assembled and released

59
Q

What happens to the immune system with no helper T cells?

A

T cells are not stimulated to produce cytotoxic T cell and B cells are not activated

60
Q

What are the common secondary infections suffered by HIV patients which often result in death?

A

infections of the lungs, intestines, brain and eyes, as well as weight loss and diarrhoea.

61
Q

does HIV kill individuals directly?

A

No. The secondary infections cannot be fought off by the weakened immune system.

62
Q

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A

Some antibiotics attack cell walls, which viruses (along with animal cells) to not have.

Other antibiotics inhibit metabolic reactions, viruses have no metabolism

63
Q

Why isn’t a virus considered to be alive?

A

Has no metabolism

64
Q

What does Acellular mean

A

Not made of cells, has no cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelles etc.

65
Q

Which structures are found in all Viruses?

A

Attachment Protein
Genetic Material (DNA or RNA)
Protein Capsid

66
Q

What are some additional structures found in HIV that are not present in all viruses?

A

Reverse Transcriptase
Lipid Envelopes

67
Q

Describe binary fission

A

Bacteria an prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission
First the DNA (and plasmids) are replicated
Then the cytoplasm and cell membrane divides in two
Each daughter receives on copy of the circular DNA (and variable number of plasmids if present)

NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 (29 decks)

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