3.1.3 Lipids (Unit 1 Biological Molecules)

Question 1

Which 3 elements do lipids contain?

Answer 1

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Question 2

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Answer 2

The phosphate ‘head’

Question 3

Identify the molecule

Answer 3

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Question 4

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 4

water hating

Question 5

How does the structure of triglycerides relate to their properties?

Answer 5

• High ratio of carbon-hydrogen bonds make them an excellent energy source
• Low mass to energy ratio- animals don’t have to carry a heavy energy store around.
• Non-polar molecules are insoluble in water so they do not affect osmosis in cells.
• High ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms so water released when trigylcerides are oxidised. Good for animals in deserts.

Question 6

Identify the molecule

Answer 6

Monounsaturated fatty acid

Question 7

Identify the molecule

Answer 7

Phosphate molecule

Question 8

What state do monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats take at room temperature?

Answer 8

Liquid - they are oils.

Question 9

What is mean by a saturated fatty acid?

Answer 9

A fatty acid that contains no double bonds between the carbon atoms

Question 10

Identify the molecule

Answer 10

Glycerol

Question 11

Phospholipids are p___________ molecules

Answer 11

polar

Question 12

What does the following describe:

• Add 2cm3 of food and add to a test tube.
• Add 5 cm3 of ethanol
• Shake the tube thoroughly to dissolve any lipid.
• Add 5cm3 of water and shake gently
• A cloudy-white colour indicates a positive result.

Answer 12

The emulsion test for lipids

Question 13

What state do saturated lipids take at room temperature?

Answer 13

Solid - they are fats

Question 14

What is meant by a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 14

A fatty acid that contains more than 1 double bond between its carbon atoms.

Question 15

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 15

attracted to water

Question 16

What type of bond forms between glycerol and fatty acid molecules?

Answer 16

Ester bond

Question 17

Identify the molecule

Answer 17

Triglyceride

Question 18

Identify the molecule

Answer 18

Saturated fatty acid

Question 19

What type of reaction takes place when a fatty acid molecule is removed from a glycerol molecule?

Answer 19

Hydrolysis

Question 20

What type of reaction takes place when a glycerol molecule joins with a fatty acid molecule?

Answer 20

Condensation reaction

Question 21

Describe how you would carry out an emulsion test for lipids

Answer 21

The emulsion test for lipids:

• Add 2cm3 of food and add to a test tube.
• Add 5 cm3 of ethanol
• Shake the tube thoroughly to dissolve any lipid.
• Add 5cm3 of water and shake gently
• A cloudy-white colour indicates a positive result.

Question 22

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Answer 22

The fatty acid ‘tails’

Question 23

What decides the properties of different fats and oils?

Answer 23

Variations in their fatty acid chains

Question 24

List the roles of lipids in living organisms.

Answer 24

• Cell membranes
• Energy store
• Waterproofing
• Heat insulation
• Electrical insulation
• Protection of organs e.g. kidneys

Question 25

Why are triglycerides called triglycerides?

Answer 25

They contain 1 glycerol molecule (glyceride) and 3 fatty acids (tri)

Question 26

What is meant by a monounsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 26

A fatty acid that contains 1 double bond between 1 pair of its carbon atoms.

Question 27

Describe the structure of a phospholipid

Answer 27

1 glycerol molecule attached to

2 fatty acid molecules and

1 phosphate molecule

Question 28

How does the structure of phospholipids relate to their properties?

Answer 28

• Polar molecules - meaning that they can form a barrier (cell membrane) between water inside and outside a cell.
• The phospholipid can form glycolipids by combining with carbohydrates. These are important in cell recognition.

Question 29

Name the 2 main groups of lipid

Answer 29

Triglycerides (fats and oils)

Phospholipids

Question 30

What happens when a phospholipid is placed in water?

Answer 30

The hydrophilic head positions itself towards water.

The hydrophobic tail positions itself away from water

Question 31

Identify the molecule

Answer 31

Phospholipid

Question 32

List the characteristics shared by all lipids

Answer 32

• They contain: Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
• Lower proportion of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates.
• Insoluble in water
• Soluble in organic solvents e.g. alcohols

Question 33

how do you test for lipids?

Answer 33

dissolve in alcohol, shake

add water then

white emulsion shows presence of lipid

Question 34

name the bond between the glycerol and the fatty acid chains in a lipid molecule

Answer 34

ester

Question 35

How can you tell the difference between a fatty acid that is saturated and how which is not?

Answer 35

saturated FA have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Question 36

what is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

Answer 36

in a phospholipid, one FA is replaced with a phosphate

Question 37

name the reaction to breakdown phospholipids to release the phosphate

Answer 37

hydrolysis

Question 38

name the element found in all amino acids but not in triglycerides?

Answer 38

Nitrogen

Question 39

Compare and contrast structure of triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 39

Both have ester bond

both contain glycerol

fatty acids on both can be saturated or unsaturated

Both contain C, H, O but phospholipids have also P

Triglycerides have 3 FA, Phospholipds have 2 FA and 1 phosphate group

Question 40

Compare and contrast the properties of triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 40

Both insoluble in water

Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non polar but phospholipids have hydrophobic and hydrophillic (polar) regions

Phospholipids form a micelle bilayer but triglycerides dont

Question 41

Describe the solubility of triglycerides and phospholipids

Answer 41

They are insoluble

Question 42

Can triglycerides from a bilayer?

Answer 42

No