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NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 > 3.1.5 Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication (Unit 1 Biological Molecules) > Flashcards

3.1.5 Nucleic Acids and DNA Replication (Unit 1 Biological Molecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA is made from which monomer?

A

Mononucleotides (or just nucleotides)

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2
Q

Name the 3 components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar (ribose RNA or deoxyribose DNA)

Organic base (containing nitrogen)

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3
Q

In DNA, which base complements guanine?

A

cytosine

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4
Q

In RNA, which base complements adenine?

A

uracil

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5
Q

In DNA, which base complements thymine?

A

adenine

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6
Q

Idenitfy the 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms of the deoxyribose molecule.

A

Idenitfy the 5’ and 3’ carbon atoms of the deoxyribose molecule.

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7
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Ribose

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8
Q

In RNA, which base complements guanine?

A

cytosine

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9
Q

In DNA, which base complements cytosine?

A

guanine

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10
Q

In RNA, which base complements uracil?

A

adenine

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11
Q

Which atoms will react to join the two nucleotides?

A

Which atoms will react to join the two nucleotides?

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12
Q

What shape does a molecule of DNA take?

A

A double helix

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13
Q

In DNA, which base complements adenine?

A

thymine

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14
Q

DNA is a stable molecule because…

A
  • The phosphodiester backbone protects the chemically reactive base pairs.
  • C-G base pairs contain 3 hydrogen bonds, so the more C-G base pairs in a DNA molecule the more stable it is.
  • Interactive forces between base pairs add further stability
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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Cytosine and Guanine in a DNA molecule?

A

3

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16
Q

Name the bond that forms between the 2 adjacent nucleotides of a dinucleotide.

A

Phosphodiester bond

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17
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

To transfer genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes.

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18
Q

How is DNA adapted to carry out its function as a means of passing genetic information from generation to generation?

A
  • Very stable - rarely mutates
  • Hydrogen bonds between strands easy to separate for replication and protein synthesis.
  • Very long - carries a lot of genetic information.
  • Base pairs protected from chemical/physical forces by phosphodiester backbone.
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19
Q

Name the 3 Scientists who discovered the structure of DNA

A

James Watson

Francis Crick

Rosalind Franklin

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20
Q

Describe how are 2 DNA nucleotides form a dinucleotide

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon of Deoxyribose on 1 nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the phosphate group on another nucleotide.

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21
Q

In RNA, which base complements cytosine?

A

guanine

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22
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between Adenine and Thymine in a DNA molecule?

A

2

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23
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA that make up the double helix held together?

A

Hydrogen bonds between complementary organic bases

24
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

To carry genetic information and code for protein

25
Q

Name the 2 nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

26
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Phosphoric Acid/phosphate

27
Q

Name the organic bases that can become part of a DNA nucleotide

A

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

28
Q

The phosphate group, pentose sugar and organic base of a DNA or RNA nucleotide are joined through which type of reaction?

A

Condensation reaction

29
Q

The phosphate group attaches to which carbon atom of a ribose or deoxyribose molecule when forming a nucleotide?

A

The 5’ carbon atom (pronounced 5 prime)

30
Q

Name the organic bases that can become part of a RNA nucleotide

A

Adenine

Uracil

Cytosine

Guanine

31
Q

Identify the molecule.

A

Deoxyribose

32
Q

Describe how 2 RNA nucleotides form a dinucleotide

A

A condensation reaction occurs between the hydroxyl (OH) group on the 3’ carbon of Ribose on 1 nucleotide and the hydroxyl group of the phosphate group on another nucleotide.

33
Q

Which type of bond are the arrows pointing at?

A

Phosphodiester bond

34
Q

If the bases on one strand of DNA are TGGAGACT, determine the base sequence on the other strand.

A

ACCTCTGA

35
Q

If 19.9% of the base pairs in human DNA are guanine, calculate the percentage that is Thymine. Show your reasoning.

A

30.1%

If 19.9% is guanine - 19.9% is cytosine as it is paired with it.

19.9 + 19.9 = 39.8%.

The remaining DNA is made from Adenine and Thymine, which is 60.2%. Thymine = 60.2% divided by 2 = 30.1%.

36
Q

what is meant by degenerate when talking about the genetic code?

A

more than one triplet for each amino acid

37
Q

What is meant by the term non overlapping when talking about the genetic code?

A

each base is only part of one triplet/codon

38
Q

How do the organic bases help to stabilise structure of DNA?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds between the base pairs holds two strands together;
  2. Many hydrogen bonds provides strength;
39
Q

Function of DNA helicase?

A

break H bonds between bases

40
Q

Function of DNA polymerase?

A

forma phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in DNA

41
Q

Give 2 differences between the nucleotide in ATP (nucleotide derivative) and the nucleotides in DNA

A
  1. ATP has 3 phosphates DNA 1 phosphate group per nucleotide
  2. ATP has ribose, DNA deoxyribose
  3. ATP - base always adenine, DNA it varies
42
Q

Name the bond between the deoxyribose and the phosphate in a nucleotide

A

phosphodiester

43
Q

What is meant by the DNA code being Universal?

A

The same codon/triplet always codes for the same amino acid

44
Q

Name the Scientists who confirmed that the Semi-conservative model of DNA replication was the valid model.

A

Matthew Meselson

Franklin Stahl

45
Q

Name the accepted method of DNA Replication

A

Semi-conservative replication

46
Q

What is the function of DNA Helicase?

A

An enzyme that breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs of a DNA double helix.

47
Q

Describe the experiment that Meselson and Stahl carried out to confirm the semi-conservative method of DNA replication

A
  • Grow E. coli bacteria in 15N (heavy isotope), which is assimilated into its base pairs, causing it to have heavy DNA. Take a sample of this and ‘normal’ 14N grown E.coli
  • Allow ‘heavy DNA’ E. Coli to divide once in 14N growth medium and take a sample.
  • Allow E. Coli to divide once more in 14N growth medium and take another sample.
  • Remove DNA from each sample and perform gradient density centrifugation.
  • Check the mass of DNA present in each sample.
48
Q

Describe the process of semi-conservative DNA replication.

A

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds causing the strands to separate
Both strands act as a template
Free nucleotides complementary base pair to the template A-T and G-C
DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together forming a phosphodiester bond
Hydrogen bonds form between the old strand and the newly synthesised strand
DNA replication is semi-conservative replication

49
Q

What is the function of free DNA nucleotides in DNA replication?

A

To bind to a separated strand of parent DNA to form a new complementary strand of daughter DNA.

50
Q

What is the function of DNA Polymerase?

A

An enzyme that joins the free daughter nucleotides bound to the parent template strands by creating phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.

51
Q

What is required for DNA replication to take place?

A

DNA to be copied

Free DNA nucleotides

DNA Polymerase

DNA Helicase

Energy to drive the process

52
Q

What is meant by ‘semi-conservative’ DNA replication

A

DNA replication whereby each new DNA molecule contains one of the original DNA strands.

53
Q

name 2 enzymes involved in semi conservative replication of DNA

A

DNA helicase

DNA polymerase

54
Q

Describe the ROLE of the 2 enzymes in DNA replication

A
  1. Helicase - breaks H binds
  2. DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides together to reform phosphodiester bond
55
Q

give 2 features of DNA and explain how each is important for semi conservative replication

A
  1. weak H bonds to allow unzipping of 2 strands
  2. Two strands so both can act as template

NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 (29 decks)

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