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NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 > 3.1.2 Carbohydrates (Unit 1 Biological Molecules) > Flashcards

3.1.2 Carbohydrates (Unit 1 Biological Molecules) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

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2
Q

Which elements make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

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3
Q

When 2 monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

Disaccharide

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4
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

A water molecule is released from the reacting molecules

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5
Q

How many covalent bonds does carbon make?

A

4

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6
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when two monosaccharides join together?

A

Condensation Reaction

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7
Q

Polysaccharides are large. This means that they…

A

are insoluble (will not dissolve)

Cannot escape from the cell

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8
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

α-Glucose

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9
Q

What happens during hydrolysis

A

A water molecule reacts with a polymer to break it down.

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10
Q

Name the bond that forms between two monosaccharides

A

Glycosidic bond

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11
Q

What is the difference between 1,4 and 1,6 glyosidic bonds

A

The numbers refer to which carbon in the molecule the bond is joined to

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12
Q

Which type of reaction takes place when a disaccharide or polysaccharide is broken down?

A

Hydrolysis

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13
Q

Name 3 common disaccharides

A

Maltose (alpha glucose + alpha glucose)

Sucrose (alpha glucose + fructose)

Lactose (alpha glucose + galactose)

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14
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecules that have the same chemical formula but whose atoms are arranged differently.

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15
Q

A 6 carbon sugar is called a…

A

hexose sugar

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16
Q

A 5 carbon sugar is called a…

A

pentose sugar

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17
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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18
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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19
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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20
Q

A 3 carbon sugar is called a…

A

triose

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21
Q

The general chemical formula of a monosaccharide is…

A

(CH2O)n where n is the number of carbon atoms.

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22
Q

Identify the monosaccharide

A

β-Glucose

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23
Q

When many monosaccharides join together, they form a…

A

polysaccharide

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24
Q

An individual sugar molecule is called a…

A

monosaccharide

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25
Q

Name 4 common hexose monomers

A

α-Glucose

β-Glucose

Galactose

Fructose

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26
Q

Name 2 common storage polysaccharides

A

Glycogen

Starch

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27
Q

Name the two molecules that make up starch

A

Amylose and Amylopectin

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28
Q

What are polysaccharides used for?

A

Storage (energy)

Structure (cell walls)

29
Q

Name the monomer that makes up maltose

A

2 x alpha glucose

30
Q

sucrose hydrolysis produces..

A

fructose and

alpha glucose

31
Q

Describe the structure of starch

A

Alpha glucose monomers
Polysaccharide
Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Amylose is helical
Amylopectin is branched and has additional 1-6 glycosidic bonds

32
Q

How is the structure of starch related to the function?

A

Insoluble so doesn’t effect water potential
Compact so doesn’t take up much space
Branched so accessible for respiration

33
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

Alpha glucose monomers
Polysaccharide
Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds
Is branched and has many additional 1-6 glycosidic bonds

34
Q

How is the structure of glycogen related to the function?

A

Highly branched so accessible for respiration

35
Q

Describe the structure of cellulose

A

Beta-glucose monomers
Polysaccharide
Has 1-4 glycosidic bonds with alternating molecules being rotated by 180 degrees
Straight, unbranched chains

36
Q

How is the structure of cellulose related to its function?

A

Straight chains ideal for cell wall, have crosslinks for stability
Long, straight/unbranched chains of β glucose;

Joined by hydrogen bonding;

To form (micro/macro)fibrils;

Provides rigidity/strength;

37
Q

Give 2 differences between the structure of cellulose and glycogen

A

celluose molecules straight chains;glycogen branched

cellulose beta glucose;glycogen alpha glucose

celluose molecules straight chains; glycogen coiled

celluose has only 1, 4 glycosidic bonds; glycogen has 1,4 and 1,6 bonds

38
Q

Desccribe and explain 2 features of starch that makes it a good storage molecule

A

coiled/helical making it compact

insoluble so does not affect the water potential of cells

Large so can’t cross the cell membrane

Branched so more ends for enzyme action

39
Q

Name the chemical which tests for starch?

A

iodine,it turns blue/black in the presence of starch

40
Q

Describe how lactose is formed

A

alpha glucose and galactose

join by condensation reaction

through a glycosidic bond

41
Q

What is the test for reducing sugars?

A

Add Benedict’s reagent
Boil in a waterbath
Brick red colour indicates a reducing sugar

42
Q

What is the test for non-reducing sugars?

A

Carry out benedict’s test and see a negative result
Boil in a water bath with hydrochloric acid
Neutralise the acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate
Carry out Benedict’s test – a brick red result indicates a reducing sugar.

E.g. sucrose (this is the only one you need to remember)

43
Q

What do we mean when we say that the Benedict’s Test for Reducing Sugars is ‘semi-quantitative’?

A

That the colour of the result can be used to estimate the approximate amount of reducing sugar in a sample

44
Q

Name a disaccharide that is a non-reducing sugar

A

Sucrose

45
Q

Which two reducing sugars are released when sucrose is hydrolysed?

A

Glucose and Fructose

46
Q

How could you improve the validity of a Benedicts test?

A

Use a colourimeter to removed subjectivity

47
Q

Unbranched starch (amylose) coils into a…

A

compact helix structure

48
Q

What form does starch take within plant cells?

A

Starch grains

49
Q

Which type of bond forms between branching α-glucose molecules in glycogen?

A

α 1-6 glycosidic bonds

50
Q

Which type of bond forms between unbranched starch (amylose) molecules?

A

α 1-4 glycosidic bonds

51
Q

How is glycogen different to starch?

A

Glycogen has many more branches

52
Q

Which type of organism contains starch?

A

Plants

53
Q

What form does glycogen take in cells?

A

granules within muscle and liver cells

54
Q

Which monosaccharide is cellulose made from?

A

β-Glucose

55
Q

What type of reaction occurs when monosaccharides join?

A

Condensation reaction

56
Q

How does the structure of glycogen make it suited to its function?

A

It is insoluble so does not cause water to move into the cell via osmosis
It is large so does not diffuse out of animal cells
It is compact
It forms α-Glucose when hydrolysed for respiration
Many more branches than starch allow α-Glucose to be released faster from glycogen

57
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

an energy store for animal and bacterial cells

58
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

Cellulose is a major component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity to plant cells
Stops plant cells bursting when water enters

59
Q

How are parallel chains of cellulose held together?

A

hydrogen bonds (crosslinks)

60
Q

What structure does cellulose take?

A

Long unbranched chains that run parallel to each other

61
Q

Which type of monosaccharide is starch made from?

A

α-Glucose

62
Q

Which type of bond forms between branched starch (amylopectin) molecules?

A

α 1-6 glycosidic bonds

63
Q

Which type of bonds join β-Glucose molecules when they form cellulose?

A

β 1-4 glycosidic bonds

64
Q

Cellulose chains are arranged in parallel groups called….

A

microfibrils

65
Q

Why does glycogen require more branches than starch?

A

Animal cells require more energy to function

66
Q

How does the structure of starch make it suited to its function?

A

It is insoluble so does not cause water to move into the cell via osmosis
It is large so does not diffuse out of plant cells
It is compact
It forms α-Glucose when hydrolysed for respiration
Many branches allow α-Glucose to be released fast

67
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

POLYMER of alpha glucose

joined by glycosidic bonds

branched structure

68
Q

How does glycogen act as a source of energy?

A

branched chains are HYDROLYSED

into glucose

used in respiration

69
Q

Which type of monosaccharide is glycogen made from?

A

α-Glucose

NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 (29 decks)

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