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NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 > 3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Specialised Cells (Unit 2 Cells) > Flashcards

3.2.1.1 Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Specialised Cells (Unit 2 Cells) Flashcards

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1
Q

Is this a Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic cell? Why?

A

Eukaryotic Cell

Its DNA held with a nucleus.

It has double membrane bound organelles.

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2
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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3
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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4
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Golgi Vesicle

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5
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus of Golgi Body

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6
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Lysosome

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7
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Mitochondrion

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8
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Nucleus

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9
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Ribosome

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10
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

Identify the organelle of the animal cell.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Identify the type of Eukaryotic cell.

A

Plant Cell

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13
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cell Wall

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14
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cell Membrane

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15
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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17
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Ribosome

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18
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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19
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Mitochondrion

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20
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Vacuole

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21
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Golgi Vesicle

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22
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Body

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23
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Identify the organelle of the plant cell.

A

Chloroplast

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25
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nuclear Pore

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26
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nucleoplasm

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27
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Chromosomes

(Chromatin)

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28
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nucleolus

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29
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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30
Q

What is the arrow pointing to?

A

Nuclear Envelope

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31
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Mitochondrion

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32
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Cristae

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33
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Ribosome

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34
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Inner Membrane

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35
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Outer Membrane

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36
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Matrix

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37
Q

Which part of the mitochondrion is the arrow pointing to?

A

Double Membrane

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38
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Chloroplast

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39
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Granum

(plural: grana)

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40
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Inner membrane

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41
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Outer membrane

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42
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Ribosome

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43
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Stroma

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44
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Thylakoids

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45
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cisternae

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46
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Lamella

(folds made from a double membrane)

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47
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Nuclear envelope

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48
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Nucleus

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49
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Ribosomes of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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50
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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51
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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52
Q

Idenitfy the organelle

A

Golgi apparatus

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53
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cisternae of golgi apparatus

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54
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Incoming vesicle of golgi apparatus

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55
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Secretory vesicle of golgi apparatus

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56
Q

Identify the organelle

A

80S Ribosome

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57
Q

In which type of cell would the 80S ribsome be found?

A

Eukaryotic Cells

58
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Large sub-unit of 80S ribosome

59
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Small sub-unit of 80S ribosome

60
Q

Idenitfy the organelle

A

70S ribsome

61
Q

Where would the 70S ribosome be found?

A

Prokaryotic cells

Chloroplasts

Mitochondria

62
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Large sub-unit of 70S ribosome

63
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Small sub-unit of 70S ribosome

64
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Plant cell wall

65
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cell membrane of plant cell

66
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cellulose microfibril of plant cell

67
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cross-links between cellulose microfibrils of plant cell

68
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Middle lamella - boundary between adjacent plant cells (cements them together)

69
Q

Identify the organelle

A

Cell wall of fungi

70
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Cell membrane of fungi

71
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Chitin (polysaccharide) - component of fungal cell wall

72
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Vacuole of plant cell

73
Q

Identify the missing label

A

Tonoplast - single membrane of vacuole

74
Q

What does the vacuole of a plant cell contain?

A
  • Mineral salts
  • Sugars
  • Amino acids
  • Wastes
  • Pigments (e.g. anthocyanins)
75
Q

Which organelle would attach lactose a polypeptide to form a glycoprotein

A

the golgi

76
Q

What is the nuclear membrane?

A

Double membrane that controls entry/exit of materials to and from the nucleus.

77
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Holes in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA and ribosomes to exit.

78
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A

Jelly-like material that makes up the bulk of a nucleus.

79
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Small spherical region in a nucleus that contains ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and manufactures ribosomes.

80
Q

What is chromatin?

A

An uncondensed complex of DNA and protein.

81
Q

What does chromatin condense into prior to cell division?

A

Chromosomes

82
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

The site of cellular respiration.

83
Q

In which eukaryotic cell would you not find a nucleus and why?

A

Red blood cells

To give more room to carry oxygen

84
Q

Which cells contain many mitochondria?

A

Metabolically active cells such as:
Muscle cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Sperm cells

85
Q

How are mitochondria adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Cristae - extensions of inner membrane provide large surface area for respiration reactions to take place.
  2. Matrix - inner space contains ribosomes, and DNA so that respiratory enzymes can be quickly produced when needed.
86
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

To carry out photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water –> Glucose + Oxygen.

87
Q

Which plant cells do not contain chloroplasts and why?

A

Root hair cells - no sunlight underground.

88
Q

What is the chloroplast envelope?

A

A partially permeable double membrane that surrounds a chloroplast.

89
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened sacs found within a chloroplast that contain chlorophyll.

90
Q

What is chlorophyll?

A

The green pigment found inside the thylakoids of chloroplasts that captures light energy.

91
Q

What are grana?

A

Stacks of thylakoids.

The place where the 1st stage of photosynthesis takes place (light absorption).

92
Q

What is the stroma of a chloroplast?

A

The fluid filled space within a chloroplast.

Where the 2nd stage of photosynthesis takes place (sugar synthesis).

93
Q

How are chloroplasts adapted to carry out their function?

A
  1. Granal membranes provide a large surface area for photosynthesis reactions to take place.
  2. Stroma contains enzymes for 2nd step of photosynthesis to take place (sugar synthesis).
  3. Contain DNA and ribosomes so can quickly produce enzymes required for photosynthesis when needed.
94
Q

What is meant by lamellae?

A

Folded membranes

95
Q

The flattened sacs and hollow tubes of endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are called…

A

cisternae

96
Q

The rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles are all part of the…

A

endomembrane system (i.e. protein transport out of cell)

97
Q

Why is the rough endoplasmic reticulum described as rough?

A

It is ‘studded’ with ribosomes.

98
Q

How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum relate to its function?

A
  1. Folds provide a large surface area for protein synthesis.
  2. Cisternae provide a pathway for transport of proteins.
  3. Can form vesicles to allow proteins to exit.
99
Q

What happens at the ‘cis face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Incoming vesicles containing proteins, lipids and carbohydrates are received.

100
Q

What happens at the ‘trans face’ of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Modified/labelled proteins, lipids or carbohydrates are TRANSferred out of the Golgi apparatus in secretory vesicles.

101
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Adds carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins.
  2. Forms lysosomes.
  3. Transports and modifies stored lipids.
  4. Produces secretory enzymes e.g. in pancreatic or epithelial cells.
  5. Secretes carbohydrates for cell walls.
102
Q

Describe the process of lysosome action on an engulfed bacterium.

A
  1. Lysosome containing hydrolytic enzymes merges with phagosome containing engulfed bacterium.
  2. Bacterium is hydrolysed.
  3. Soluble debris absorbed into cell. Insoluble debris is egested from cell.
103
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  1. Synthesise, store and transportation of lipids.
  2. Synthesise, store and transportation of carbohydrates.
  3. Detoxification of harmful substances.
104
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A
  1. Prevents a plant cell bursting due to osmosis.
  2. Give plant cells mechanical strength.
  3. Structure allows water to pass through it via osmosis.
105
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A
  1. Makes plant cells turgid (firm)
  2. Contains sugars/amino acids which act as a temporary food store.
  3. Contains coloured pigments which attract pollinating insects e.g. petals.
106
Q

Where are 80S ribosomes found?

A

Eukaryotic cells

107
Q

Where are 70S ribosomes found?

A

Prokaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts

108
Q

Which are bigger: 70S or 80S ribosomes?

A

80S (25nm as opposed to 20nm 70S)

109
Q

Ribosomes are made from 2 parts. What are these parts called?

A

Large subunit

Small subunit

110
Q

name 2 molecules found in a ribosome

A

RNA and protein

111
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration and production of ATP

112
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A non-specialised cell

113
Q

Are the specialised cells of a multicellular organism genetically identical?

A

yes

114
Q

How is it that different types of specialised cells can be genetically identical?

A

Different genes are active within the nucleus of those cells.

115
Q

Which organelle will be well developed within a sperm cell?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

116
Q

Which organelle will be well developed in muscle cells?

A

Mitochondria (to provide energy for movement)

117
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of identical or similar cells that are specialised to carry out a specific function.

118
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Line the surface of organs
  • Protect
  • Have sensory functions
  • Absorption
  • Transporting substances (if they are ciliated)
119
Q

What are cilia?

A

Small hair-like structures present on some epithelial cells that can transport substances e.g. mucus in the lungs.

120
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  • Support - holds other tissues together.

- Provides strength and elasticity to tissues.

121
Q

What is an organ?

A

A combination of tissues that are coordinated to perform a variety of functions although they have 1 predominant function.

122
Q

Why is it that arteries and veins are organs but capillaries are not?

A
  • Arteries and veins consist of a combination of muscle and endothelial tissues.
  • Capillaries only contain endothelial tissues.
123
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that aggregate to perform a specific task.

124
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?`

A

To digest, process and absorb food.

125
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

Breathing and gas exchange.

126
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To pump and circulate blood.

127
Q

Name 3 organ systems

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Respiratory system
128
Q

Name 3 human tissues

A
  1. Muscle tissue
  2. Epithelial tissue
  3. Connective tissue
129
Q

Name 5 plant tissues

A
  1. Epidermal tissue
  2. Palisade mesophyll tissue
  3. Spongy mesophyll tissue
  4. Xylem tissue
  5. Phloem tissue
130
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A
  • Transport water from roots to leaves
  • Transport mineral salts
  • Provide mechanical support to plant.
131
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?

A
  • To carry out photosynthesis.
132
Q

How are xylem tissues adapted to transport water?

A

They are formed from hollow cells that allow water to travel through.

133
Q

How are palisade mesophyll tissues adapted to carry out photosynthesis?

A

They contain many chloroplasts.

134
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll cells?

A

Provide a large surface area for gas exchange via diffusion.

135
Q

What else can we call the epidermal cells that line top and bottom surfaces of a leaf?

A

Upper epidermis

Lower epidermis

136
Q

Which epidermis of a leaf are stomata found?

A

Lower epidermis (lower surface)

137
Q

What are guard cells and where are they found?

A
  • 2 kidney shaped cells that form the stomata.
  • They are part of the lower epidermal tissue.
    They look like this —> (())
138
Q

What are microvilli

A

Folds in the cell surface membrane

139
Q

Why are microvilli as useful cell adaptation

A

Increase sell Surface area to volume ratio

140
Q

What organelles are found in cells that secrete a lot of enzymes?

A

Many ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi, mitochondria

141
Q

Describe the structure of DNA in a chloroplast

A

Small, circular, found free floating in the stroma

142
Q

Describe the structure of DNA in a mitochondria

A

Small, circular, free floating in the matrix

NSFC AQA A level Biology Year 1 (29 decks)

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