3.2. Locative Flashcards

Sandhi rules of the locative

1
Q

LOC Sandhi (replacement of chillu in multisyllabic words)

കടൽ
(ocean)

A

കടലിൽ
(in the sea)

Word-final chillus (except for -ആം) in words in multisyllabic words are replaced by their letter equivalents

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2
Q

LOC Sandhi (-ആം replacement)

പുസ്‌തകം
(book)

A

പുസ്‌തകത്തിൽ
(in the book)

The ending -ആം is replaced by the augment -അത്ത്

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3
Q

LOC Sandhi (gemination of -ട് and -റ്)

വീട്
(home)

വയറ്
(stomach)

A

വീട്ടിൽ
(at home)

വയറ്റിൽ
(in the stomach)

Word-final -ട് and -റ് are geminated

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4
Q

LOC Sandhi (replacement of chillu in monosyllabic words)

മെയ്
(body or May)

ബസ്‌
(bus)

A

മെയ്യിൽ
(in the body or in May)

ബസ്സിൽ
(in the bus)

In monosyllabic words with a short vowel, chillu consonants (except for ർ), -യ്, and -സ് are geminated

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5
Q

LOC Sandhi (optional gemination of -സ്)

മനസ്
(mind, heart)

A

മനസിൽ / മനസ്സിൽ
(in the mind, heart)

In multisyllabic words, the gemination of word-final -സ് is optional

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6
Q

LOC Sandhi (omission of ്)

ഷോപ്പ്
(shop)

A

ഷോപ്പിൽ
(in the shop)

The schwa vowel is dropped

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7
Q

LOC Sandhi (linking -അ and -ഇ)

മല
(mountain)

A

മലയിൽ
(on the mountain)

The semi-vowel യ് links final -അ and -ഇ

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8
Q

LOC Sandhi (linking -ഉ and -ഊ)

നടു
(middle)

A

നടുവിൽ
(in the middle)

The semi-vowel വ് links final -ഉ and -ഊ

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9
Q

LOC Sandhi (optional gemination of inherent യ്)

കൈ
(hand)

A

കൈയിൽ / കൈയ്യിൽ
(in hand)

Word-final -ഐ has an inherent യ് that emerges before -ഇൽ and is optionally geminated

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10
Q

LOC Augment -(അ)ത്ത്

അകം (interior)
കാലം (time)
കേരളം (Kerala)

A

അകത്ത് (inside)
കാലത്ത് (on time, early)
കേരളത്തിൽ (in Kerala) ⚠️

Nouns ending in -അം and denoting place or time, the augment -(അ)ത്ത് is enough to indicate LOC, no further addition of -ഇൽ needed (exception: കേരളത്തിൽ)

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11
Q

LOC Augment -(അ)ത്ത്

പാലക്കാട്
(Palakad)

A

പാലക്കാട്ട്
(in Palakad)

WIth place names ending in -ട്, the augment -(അ)ത്ത് is assimilated into the retroflex plosive, forming the cluster -ട്ട്

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12
Q

LOC Augment -(അ)ത്ത്

പെരിയാറ്
(the Periyar)

A

പെരിയാറ്റിൽ
(on the Periyar)

With place names ending in -റ്, instances of the augment -(അ)ത്ത്, assimilated into the alveolar trill and forming the cluster -റ്റ്, are archaic retentions

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