3.1. Sandhi Principles Flashcards

The 4 main principles of Sandhi

1
Q

Omission of ്

എന്ത് + ആണ്
(what + is)

A

എന്താണ്
(what is it?)

The schwa vowel is omitted before a word-initial vowel

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2
Q

Omission with negative forms

വീഴാതെ + ഇരിക്കാൻ
(without fall + for staying)

ഇല്ല + എന്ന്
(NEG + QUOT)

A

വീഴാതിരിക്കാൻ
(so that it won’t fall)

ഇല്ലെന്ന്
(“not/no”)

The final vowels -എ and -അ in the negation forms -അല്ല, -ഇല്ല, and -ആതെ are omitted before word-initial vowels

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3
Q

Omission with ആയി and പോയി

പോയി + ഇരുന്നു
(went + PRF)

ആയി + ഇല്ല
(became + NEG)

A

പോയിരുന്നു
(had gone)

ആയില്ല
(didn’t become)

The final vowel in the verb forms ആയി and പോയി is omitted before a word-initial vowel

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4
Q

Insertion of യ്

കൂടി + ആട്ടം
(joined + dance)

A

കൂടിയാട്ടം
(temple theater)

After all vowels except for the back vowels and the schwa, the semivowel യ് is required before a vowel

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5
Q

Insertion of വ്

തിരു + ഓണം
(auspicious + Onam)

വരുന്നു + എങ്കിൽ
(comes + if)

A

തിരുവോണം
(Onam holiday)

വരുന്നുവെങ്കിൽ
(if comes)

After the back vowels (-ഉ, -ഊ, -ഒ, -ഓ, -ഔ) the semivowel വ് is inserted before a vowel

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6
Q

Insertion of nasals

പുളി + കുരു
(tamarind + kernel)

പെരു + കള്ളൻ
(big + thief)

A

പുളിങ്കുരു
(tamarind kernel)
പെരുങ്കള്ളൻ
(big thief)

In nominal compounds, a nasal is inserted between a vowel and a plosive. The inserted nasal is homorganic to the plosive. (Compare with plosive gemination)

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7
Q

Gemination of plosives (verbal compounds)

പൊങ്ങി + പൊങ്ങി
(bubbled + bubbled)

ഉൾ + പൂവ്
(interior + flower)

A

പൊങ്ങിപ്പൊങ്ങി
(bubbled up)

ഉൾപ്പൂവ്
(the mind and heart)

In verbal compounds, an initial plosive is geminated after all vowel except for ്. Plosives are also geminated after the chillu consonants

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8
Q

Gemination of plosives (nominal compounds)

അരി + പൊടി
(rice + powder)

ഇഞ്ചി + കറി
(ginger + curry)

A

അരിപ്പൊടി
(rice flour)

ഇഞ്ചിക്കറി
(ginger curry)

Plosive gemination after a vowel occurs also in many nominal compounds (compare with nasal insertion)

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9
Q

Gemination of chillu and nasals in monosyllabic words

മൺ + -ഇൽ
(soil + LOC)
കൺ + -ഉം
(eye + CNJ)

A

മണ്ണിൽ
(in the soil)
കണ്ണും
(and eye)

In monosyllabic words, the chillu consonants (except for ർ) and nasals are geminated before morpheme-inital vowel

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10
Q

Gemination of word-final -ൻ

മുൻ + -ഇൽ
(front + LOC)

A

മുന്നിൽ
(at the front)

The gemination of a word-final nasal -ൻ results in the alveolar nasal cluster

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11
Q

Substitution of ്

അത് + കൊണ്ട്
(that + because of)

മുത്ത് + മാല
(pearl + necklace)

A

അതുകൊണ്ട്
(because of that)

മുത്തുമാല
(pearl necklace)

The schwa vowel becomes ഉ before a consonant in nominal and verbal compounds

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12
Q

Substitution with past marker -തു

കേൾ + തു
(hear + PAST)

വിൽ + തു
(sell + PAST)

A

കേട്ടു
(heard)

വിറ്റു
(sold)

The addition of the past marker -തു to a root-final consonant results in different types and coalescence

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13
Q

Subsitution of nominal ending -ആം

കേരളം + -ഉം
(Kerala + CNJ)

A

കേരളവും
(and Kerala)

The nominal ending -ആം is replaced by -അവ് before the conjunctive -ഉം

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