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Bio 239 > 3.2 Connective Tissues > Flashcards

3.2 Connective Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 8 functions of connective tissues?

A
  1. binding of organs
  2. support (cartilage)
  3. physical protection
  4. immune protection (loose areolar CT; macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, plasma cells)
  5. movement (bone)
  6. storage (adipose CT)
  7. heat production (adipose CT)
  8. transport (oxygen, nutrients, blood is a connective tissue)
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2
Q

What are the 3 elements of connective tissues?

A
  1. ground substance (matrix) is where connective tissue sets: glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, adhesive glycoproteins (sticky), hyaluronic acid
  2. cells: fibroblasts (make collagen fibers), macrophages/ neutrophils/eosinophils, mast cells (make histamines), plasma cells (make antibodies), adipocytes (fat cells for storage), chondrocytes (cartilage), osteocytes (bone)
  3. fibers: elastic fiber (in cartilage and muscles, NOT tendon), reticular fiber (Type II collagen, in LNs and BM), collagenous fiber
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3
Q

What are the 5 types of fibrous connective tissue?

A
  1. loose (areolar) CT
  2. dense CT (regular & irregular): both are made of collagen and fibers (have fibroblasts). Ex: dense regular CT in tendon, dense irregular CT in skin (messy, unorganized)
  3. (loose) areolar CT
  4. reticular CT
  5. adipose CT
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4
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of dense IRREGULAR CT?

A
  1. cells: fibroblasts
  2. fibers: collagen fibers in irregular masses
  3. locations: tough physical support (skin), other areas
  4. looks scattered and unorganized
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5
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of dense REGULAR CT?

A
  1. cells: fibroblasts
  2. fibers: collagen fibers in regular, parallel arrangement
  3. locations: robust capsules of organs (liver and spleen), source of tensile strength (ligaments and tendons), bands of menisci
  4. looks highly organized, increased tensile strength
  5. no blood vessels running through tendons and ligaments, so they don’t repair the same way. Ex: athletes walk slower
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6
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of (LOOSE) areolar CT?

A
  1. cells: fibroblasts, immune cells such as mast cells (histamine granules)
  2. fibers: collagen fibers (and elastic and reticular fibers)
  3. locations: skin, other areas
  4. functions: padding/packing
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7
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of reticular CT?

A
  1. cells: fibroblasts
  2. fibers: reticular fibers (Type II collagen, delicate, branched; hold lymphocytes together)
  3. locations: lymph nodes, liver, BM, other areas
  4. functions: architectural in function, provides construct/scaffolding for cellular components
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8
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of adipose CT?

A
  1. cells: adipocytes
  2. fibers: collagen fibers
  3. locations: anywhere
  4. functions: padding, energy storage. Can become mitotically active - tumor/lipoma develops where you get injured a lot
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9
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of cartilage (highly specialized CT)?

A
  1. chondroblasts (developing)
  2. lacunae (empty space/lake)
  3. chondrocytes (mature)
  4. perichondrium
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10
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  1. hyaline (weakest)
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage (greatest tensile strength (spinal cord, temporal menipular joint)
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11
Q

What is perichondrium?

A

specialized membrane composed of fibroblasts (collagen). Only found in hyaline and elastic cartilage, not fibrocartilage

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12
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. cells: chondrocytes
  2. fibers: NONE
  3. locations: ribs, tracheal rings, growth plate of bone
  4. hyaline oxidizes to become bone; all adults have a thin layer of hyaline in their joints that can be worn away
  5. fewer cells than matrix; chondrocytes are in lacunae, surrounded by capsule (protects the cells)
  6. surrounded by perichondrium since it is the weakest of cartilages
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13
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of elastic cartilage?

A
  1. cells: chondrocytes
  2. fibers: elastic fibers found in matrix/ground substance
  3. locations: ears, tip of nose
  4. tissue has great elasticity and memory for shape
  5. chondrocytes are in lacunae, surrounded by capsule
  6. surrounded by perichondrium
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14
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  1. cells: chondrocytes, fibroblasts?
  2. fibers: collagen fibers found in matrix/ground substance
  3. locations: intervertebral disks, menisci, and TMJ disk
  4. it is the strongest of cartilages; load-bearing, great tensile strength
  5. chondrocytes are in lacunae, surrounded by capsule
  6. NO perichondrium needed
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15
Q

What are the 2 types of bone (highly specialized CT)?

A
  1. cells: osteocytes
  2. fibers: collagen fibers
  3. types:
    - spongy
    - compact: contains Haversian canals, concentric lamellae, osteocytes, osteon, canaliculi, periosteum
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16
Q

What cells are part of the blood (CT)?

A
  1. cells: erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs)
    plasma
  2. fibers: NONE until clotting occurs
17
Q

What cells are part of the nervous tissue? (not CT)

A
  1. neurons: glial and communicative
18
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue? (not CT)

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac: intercalated disks
  3. smooth
19
Q

What are the epithelium in glands?

A
  1. exocrine glands

2. endocrine glands: merocrine, eccrine

20
Q

What are the characteristics of membranes?

A
  1. cutaneous: skin

2. mucous (mucosae): present in epithelium, areolar CT or lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae (sometimes present)

21
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of tissue growth?

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
  3. neoplasia
22
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

higher number of cells

23
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

cells are bigger in size

24
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

new cells, malignancy, cancer

25
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of shrinkage and death?

A
  1. atrophy
  2. necrosis: gangrene, infarction
  3. apoptosis (planned cell death)
26
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of repair?

A
  1. regeneration

2. fibrosis: can cause excessive scarring (keloid formation, mainly men)

Bio 239 (21 decks)

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