2. The Animal Cell Flashcards
What is a prokaryote?
bacteria/plasmid
What is a eukaryote?
animal cells/nucleus
What does the environment of cells contain?
liquid:
- extracellular fluid
- interstitial fluid
- intracellular fluid
What is the composition of the plasma membrane?
- phospholipid molecules
- proteins (combinations of proteins)
- carbohydrates (and lipids with carbohydrates)
- cholesterol (will create glycoproteins and glycolipids)
What are the characteristics of the fluid mosaic model?
- lipid bilayer, amphipathic molecule
- 3 distinct regions: hdpl/hdpb/hdpl
- dynamic fluidity
- proteins with channels
- immunohistocompatibility markers: proteins with glucose markers (receptors)
What are the 6 functions of proteins?
- ion channel
- transporter
- receptor
- enzyme
- cell identity marker
- linker
- What is the function of an ion channel (protein)?
allows specific ions to move through a water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions
- What is the function of a transporter (protein)?
transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape. Ex: amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via transporters
- What is the function of a receptor (protein)?
recognizes specific ligand (such as a hormone) and alters cell’s function in some way. Ex: antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes
- What is the function of an enzyme (protein)?
catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). Ex: lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining the small intestine splits disaccharide lactose (from milk)
- What is the function of a cell identity marker (protein)?
distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). Ex: an important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins
- What is the function of a linker (protein)?
anchors filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together
What are the passive processes of movement across the membrane?
- diffusion
- osmosis
- filtration
What are the active processes of movement across the membrane?
- endocytosis including:
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
- receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin molecules)
What are the 3 characteristics of the nucleus?
- full of chromatin (DNA and histone proteins)
- nucleolus at center
- nuclear envelope with pores
What is the difference between the SER and the RER?
SER processes lipids and carbohydrates while RER is surrounded by ribosomes and processes proteins
What are the 4 characteristics of ribosomes?
- produced in nucleoli
- composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- contains large and small subunit
- translates mRNA into protein
What are the 4 characteristics of the Golgi apparatus/complex/body?
- directly found between RER and cell membrane
- packages proteins for export (such as glycoproteins)
- packaging of other molecules for intercellular use
- -cis (receiving) & -trans (transporting) sidedness
What are the 3 characteristics of mitochondria?
- double membrane organelle (inner and outer layers, intermembranous space, and matrix)
- ATP production via ETC
- has own DNA
What are the 3 characteristics of lysosomes?
- stomach/garbage disposal of cell
- multiple organelles
- autolysis at death
What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules
What are the 3 characteristics of microfilaments?
- made of actin protein
- 5 nm in diameter
- part of microvillus
What are the 2 characteristics of intermediate filaments?
- protein depends upon the type of cell
2. 10 nm in diameter
What are the 4 characteristics of microtubules?
- made of tubulin protein
2, 15 nm in diameter - found in 9 triplets in centrosomes
- found in 9 + 2 arrangement in flagellum or cilia
What are the 3 characteristics of centrosomes?
- composed of a pair of centrioles; centrioles are always found at 90o to one another
- each centriole is composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
- 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules in flagellum and cilia
- spindle fibers develop from the centrosome in cell division
How do microtubules allow flagellum/cilia to move?
–
What are the 3 adaptive surface features of cells?
- flagellum - locomotion
- cilia - movement across cell surface
- microvilli - increased surface area for absorption
What is a characteristic of vacuoles?
They take in lipids and water?
What are the solid inclusions?
- melanin
- glycogen granules
What are the 5 phases of cell division (mitosis)?
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase + cytokinesis
What 2 things happen during interphase?
- cellular quiescence (quiet)
2. increase in volume, chromatin, and organelle numbers
What 5 things happen during prophase?
- cell membrane dissolves and disappears
- condensation of chromatin into chromosomes
- separation of centrioles –> creation of spindle apparatus (aster formation)
- nucleoli disappear
- beginning of spindle fibers attachment to centromeres (kinetochore of chromosomes)
What 3 things happen during metaphase?
- elongation of spindle apparatus and finish of fiber attachment to centromeres
- movement of chromosomes to equatorial plane
- chromosomes line up along equatorial plane
What 3 things happen during anaphase?
- separation of centromeres
- spindle fibers shorten and chromatids separate
- movement of chromatids to poles of cells
What 2 things happen during telophase?
- cleavage furrow deepens
2. cytokinesis - separation into 2 daughter cells
What are the 9 phases of meiosis?
- prophase
- late prophase I
- metaphase I
- anaphase I
- telophase I
- prophase II
- metaphase II
- anaphase II
- telophase II
(no interphase because it is reduction division, not replication?)
