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Bio 239 > 2. The Animal Cell > Flashcards

2. The Animal Cell Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

bacteria/plasmid

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2
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

animal cells/nucleus

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3
Q

What does the environment of cells contain?

A

liquid:

  • extracellular fluid
  • interstitial fluid
  • intracellular fluid
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4
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A
  • phospholipid molecules
  • proteins (combinations of proteins)
  • carbohydrates (and lipids with carbohydrates)
  • cholesterol (will create glycoproteins and glycolipids)
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of the fluid mosaic model?

A
  • lipid bilayer, amphipathic molecule
  • 3 distinct regions: hdpl/hdpb/hdpl
  • dynamic fluidity
  • proteins with channels
  • immunohistocompatibility markers: proteins with glucose markers (receptors)
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6
Q

What are the 6 functions of proteins?

A
  1. ion channel
  2. transporter
  3. receptor
  4. enzyme
  5. cell identity marker
  6. linker
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7
Q
  1. What is the function of an ion channel (protein)?
A

allows specific ions to move through a water-filled pore. Most plasma membranes include specific channels for several common ions

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8
Q
  1. What is the function of a transporter (protein)?
A

transports specific substances across membrane by changing shape. Ex: amino acids, needed to synthesize new proteins, enter body cells via transporters

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9
Q
  1. What is the function of a receptor (protein)?
A

recognizes specific ligand (such as a hormone) and alters cell’s function in some way. Ex: antidiuretic hormone binds to receptors in the kidneys and changes the water permeability of certain plasma membranes

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10
Q
  1. What is the function of an enzyme (protein)?
A

catalyzes reaction inside or outside cell (depending on which direction the active site faces). Ex: lactase protruding from epithelial cells lining the small intestine splits disaccharide lactose (from milk)

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11
Q
  1. What is the function of a cell identity marker (protein)?
A

distinguishes your cells from anyone else’s (unless you are an identical twin). Ex: an important class of such markers are the major histocompatibility (MHC) proteins

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12
Q
  1. What is the function of a linker (protein)?
A

anchors filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. May also participate in movement of the cell or link two cells together

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13
Q

What are the passive processes of movement across the membrane?

A
  • diffusion
  • osmosis
  • filtration
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14
Q

What are the active processes of movement across the membrane?

A
  • endocytosis including:
  • phagocytosis
  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis (clathrin molecules)
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15
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of the nucleus?

A
  1. full of chromatin (DNA and histone proteins)
  2. nucleolus at center
  3. nuclear envelope with pores
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16
Q

What is the difference between the SER and the RER?

A

SER processes lipids and carbohydrates while RER is surrounded by ribosomes and processes proteins

17
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of ribosomes?

A
  1. produced in nucleoli
  2. composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. contains large and small subunit
  4. translates mRNA into protein
18
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of the Golgi apparatus/complex/body?

A
  1. directly found between RER and cell membrane
  2. packages proteins for export (such as glycoproteins)
  3. packaging of other molecules for intercellular use
  4. -cis (receiving) & -trans (transporting) sidedness
19
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of mitochondria?

A
  1. double membrane organelle (inner and outer layers, intermembranous space, and matrix)
  2. ATP production via ETC
  3. has own DNA
20
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of lysosomes?

A
  1. stomach/garbage disposal of cell
  2. multiple organelles
  3. autolysis at death
21
Q

What are the 3 parts of the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. microfilaments
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules
22
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of microfilaments?

A
  1. made of actin protein
  2. 5 nm in diameter
  3. part of microvillus
23
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of intermediate filaments?

A
  1. protein depends upon the type of cell

2. 10 nm in diameter

24
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of microtubules?

A
  1. made of tubulin protein
    2, 15 nm in diameter
  2. found in 9 triplets in centrosomes
  3. found in 9 + 2 arrangement in flagellum or cilia
25
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of centrosomes?

A
  1. composed of a pair of centrioles; centrioles are always found at 90o to one another
  2. each centriole is composed of 9 triplets of microtubules
  3. 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules in flagellum and cilia
  4. spindle fibers develop from the centrosome in cell division
26
Q

How do microtubules allow flagellum/cilia to move?

A

–

27
Q

What are the 3 adaptive surface features of cells?

A
  1. flagellum - locomotion
  2. cilia - movement across cell surface
  3. microvilli - increased surface area for absorption
28
Q

What is a characteristic of vacuoles?

A

They take in lipids and water?

29
Q

What are the solid inclusions?

A
  • melanin

- glycogen granules

30
Q

What are the 5 phases of cell division (mitosis)?

A
  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. metaphase
  4. anaphase
  5. telophase + cytokinesis
31
Q

What 2 things happen during interphase?

A
  1. cellular quiescence (quiet)

2. increase in volume, chromatin, and organelle numbers

32
Q

What 5 things happen during prophase?

A
  1. cell membrane dissolves and disappears
  2. condensation of chromatin into chromosomes
  3. separation of centrioles –> creation of spindle apparatus (aster formation)
  4. nucleoli disappear
  5. beginning of spindle fibers attachment to centromeres (kinetochore of chromosomes)
33
Q

What 3 things happen during metaphase?

A
  1. elongation of spindle apparatus and finish of fiber attachment to centromeres
  2. movement of chromosomes to equatorial plane
  3. chromosomes line up along equatorial plane
34
Q

What 3 things happen during anaphase?

A
  1. separation of centromeres
  2. spindle fibers shorten and chromatids separate
  3. movement of chromatids to poles of cells
35
Q

What 2 things happen during telophase?

A
  1. cleavage furrow deepens

2. cytokinesis - separation into 2 daughter cells

36
Q

What are the 9 phases of meiosis?

A
  1. prophase
  2. late prophase I
  3. metaphase I
  4. anaphase I
  5. telophase I
  6. prophase II
  7. metaphase II
  8. anaphase II
  9. telophase II

(no interphase because it is reduction division, not replication?)

Bio 239 (21 decks)

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