1. Surface Nomenclature Flashcards
1
Q
Skull
A
cranial
2
Q
Face
A
facial
3
Q
Forehead
A
frontal
4
Q
Ear
A
otic
5
Q
Cheek
A
buccal
6
Q
Nose
A
nasal
7
Q
Mouth
A
oral
8
Q
Chin
A
mental
9
Q
Neck
A
cervical
10
Q
Armpit
A
axillary
11
Q
Arm
A
brachial
12
Q
Front of elbow
A
antecubital
13
Q
Forearm
A
antebrachial
14
Q
Wrist
A
carpal
15
Q
Hand
A
manual
16
Q
Palm
A
palmar
17
Q
Fingers
A
digital/phalangeal
18
Q
Chest
A
thoracic
19
Q
Breastbone
A
sternal
20
Q
Breast
A
mammary
21
Q
Navel
A
umbilical
22
Q
Hip
A
coxal
23
Q
Groin
A
inguinal
24
Q
Pubis
A
pubic
25
Thigh
femoral
26
Anterior surface of knee
patellar
27
Leg
crural
28
Foot
pedal
29
Ankle
tarsal
30
Top of foot (also back of hand)
dorsum
31
Toes
digital/phalangeal
32
Head
cephalic
33
Base of skull
occipital
34
Shoulder
acromial
35
Shoulder blade
scapular
36
Spinal column
vertebral
37
Back of elbow
olecranal
38
Back of hand (also top of foot)
dorsum
39
Back
dorsal
40
Loin
lumbar
41
Between hips
sacral
42
Buttock
gluteal
43
Hollow behind knee
popliteal
44
Calf
sural
45
Sole
plantar
46
Heel
calcaneal
47
Medial vs. lateral
```
medial = midline
lateral = distance from midline
```
48
Ipsilateral vs. contralateral
```
ipsilateral = on the same side of the body
contralateral = in conjunction with the opposite side
```
49
Proximal vs. distal
```
proximal = closer to midline
distal = farther from midline
```
50
Superior/cephalic vs. inferior/caudal
```
superior = above
inferior = below
```
51
Anterior/ventral/rostral vs. posterior/dorsal
```
anterior/ventral/rostral = front
posterior/dorsal = back/tail
```
52
Anatomical position: supine vs. prone
```
supine = lying face-up
prone = lying face-down
```
53
Planes of section: median/sagittal vs. parasagittal
```
sagittal = divides body into left and right sides
midsagittal = divides body into equal left and right sides
parasagittal = divides body into unequal left and right sides
```
54
Planes of section: transverse/horizontal
divides body into upper and lower parts
55
Planes of section: frontal/coronal
divides body into front and back parts
56
What are some examples of organs that can be seen in bilateral section with some of the planes?
eyes
57
Is there a sectional plane that would not give a bilateral view of paired organs?
sagittal or parasagittal
58
Layered terms: deep vs. superficial
Ex: skin to superficial fascia to deep fascia to skeletal muscle
59
What is the function of body cavities and what are the 2 major body cavities?
-function: body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
1. DORSAL body cavity
2. VENTRAL body cavity
60
What are the principal contents of the DORSAL cavity?
1, cranial cavity:
- enclosed by skull
- contains brain
- membranous lining: meninges (3 layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal)
2. vertebral/spinal canal:
- enclosed by the spine
- contains the spinal cord
- membranous lining: meninges
61
What are the principal contents of the VENTRAL cavity?
1. thoracic (chest) cavity
| 2. abdominopelvic cavity:
62
What are viscera?
organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
63
What are the principal contents of the thoracic cavity?
- enclosed by the ribcage, sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column (backbone)
- includes the lungs (with left and right pleural cavities), heart (with pericardial cavity), and mediastinum (central portion of thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities, contains all thoracic organs such as heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea but not lungs)
64
What are the principal contents of the abdominopelvic cavity?
-from diaphragm to groin, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis
1. abdominal cavity: the superior portion that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine. Membranous lining: peritoneum
2. pelvic cavity: the inferior portion that contains urinary bladder, some of large intestine, and reproductive system organs. Membranous lining: peritoneum
-also includes peritoneal and retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum, includes kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of large intestine, and abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava)
65
What are the membranes of the chambers and organs?
- visceral peritoneum: covers abdominal viscera
| - parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm
66
What does the left cavity include?
- stomach
| - small intestine (in abdominal cavity)
67
What does the right cavity include?
- liver
- gallbladder
- large intestine
- appendix
68
What are the abdominopelvic REGIONS? (used to describe organ location)
(odd #s = left/right, even #s = middle)
1. left and right hypochondriac
2. epigastric
3. left and right lumbar (lateral abdominal/loin)
4. umbilical
5. left and right inguinal (iliac/groin)
6. hypogastric (pubic)
69
What are the abdominopelvic QUADRANTS? (used to diagnose disease)
```
LUQ = stomach, upper part of small intestine
RUQ = liver, gallbladder, part of the large intestine
LLQ = lower part of small intestine
RLQ = lower part of large intestine, appendix
```
70
What are the 11 systems of the human body?
1. integumentary system (skin)
2. skeletal system
3. muscular system
4. cardiovascular system
5. lymphatic system
6. nervous system
7. endocrine system
8. respiratory system
9. digestive system
10. urinary system
11. reproductive systems
71
What are the 5 functions and the 5 components of the integumentary system? (Ch. 5)
1. protects body
2. helps regulate body temp
3. eliminates some wastes
4. helps make Vitamin D
5. detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)
-skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands
72
What are the 5 functions and the 3 components of the skeletal system? (Ch. 6-9)
1. supports and protects body
2. muscle attachment
3. body movement
4. houses cells that produce blood cells
5. stores minerals and lipids (fats)
- bones
- joints
- ^their associated cartilages
73
What are the 3 functions and component of the muscular system? (Ch. 10-11)
1. produces body movements such as walking
2. stabilizes body position (posture)
3. generates heat
-skeletal muscle
74
What are the 4 functions and the 2 components of the cardiovascular system? (Ch. 13-15)
1. heart pumps blood through blood vessels
2. blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes away
3. helps regulate acid-base balance, temp, and water content of body fluids
4. blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
-heart, blood vessels (artery, vein)
75
What are the 3 functions and the 6 components of the lymphatic system? (Ch. 16)
1. returns proteins and fluid to blood
2. carries lipids from GI tract to blood
3. structures for lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes to mature and proliferate
- lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels
- tonsil
- thymus (above heart)
- spleen (left, under heart)
- thoracic duct
- lymph nodes
76
What are the 3 functions and the 4 components of the nervous system? (Ch. 17-22)
1. generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
2. detects changes in the body's internal and external environments
3. interprets the changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
- special sense organs (eyes, ears)
77
What is the function and the 7 components of the endocrine system? (Ch. 23)
1. regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ)
- pineal gland (brain)
- pituitary gland (brain)
- thyroid gland (throat)
- thymus (above heart)
- adrenal gland (liver)
- pancreas (liver)
- ovary/testis
78
What are the 3 functions and the 5 components of the respiratory system? (Ch. 24)
1. transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to inhaled air
2. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
3. air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
- pharynx (throat)
- larynx (voice box)
- trachea (windpipe)
- bronchus
- lung
79
What are the 2 functions and the 11 components of the digestive system? (Ch. 25)
1. achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
2. absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
- organs of GI tract: mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
- accessory organs of the digestive process: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
80
What are the 5 functions and the 4 components of the urinary system? (Ch. 26)
1. produces, stores, eliminates urine/wastes
2. regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
3. helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
4. maintains body's mineral balance
5. helps regulate production of RBCs
- kidneys
- ureters
- urinary bladder
- urethra
81
What are the 3 functions and the 6 components of the female reproductive system? (Ch. 27)
1. gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
2. gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
3. associated organs transport and store gametes
- gonads: ovaries
- associated organs: uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina
- accessory glands: mammary glands, vestibular glands
82
What is the function and the 6 components of the male reproductive system? (Ch. 27)
1. gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that
2. gonads release hormones
3. associated organs transport and store gametes
- gonads: testes
- associated organs: epididymus, ductus deferens, penis
- accessory glands: prostate gland, seminal vesicles
