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Bio 239 > 1. Surface Nomenclature > Flashcards

1. Surface Nomenclature Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skull

A

cranial

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2
Q

Face

A

facial

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3
Q

Forehead

A

frontal

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4
Q

Ear

A

otic

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5
Q

Cheek

A

buccal

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6
Q

Nose

A

nasal

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7
Q

Mouth

A

oral

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8
Q

Chin

A

mental

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9
Q

Neck

A

cervical

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10
Q

Armpit

A

axillary

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11
Q

Arm

A

brachial

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12
Q

Front of elbow

A

antecubital

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13
Q

Forearm

A

antebrachial

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14
Q

Wrist

A

carpal

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15
Q

Hand

A

manual

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16
Q

Palm

A

palmar

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17
Q

Fingers

A

digital/phalangeal

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18
Q

Chest

A

thoracic

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19
Q

Breastbone

A

sternal

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20
Q

Breast

A

mammary

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21
Q

Navel

A

umbilical

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22
Q

Hip

A

coxal

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23
Q

Groin

A

inguinal

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24
Q

Pubis

A

pubic

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25
Q

Thigh

A

femoral

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26
Q

Anterior surface of knee

A

patellar

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27
Q

Leg

A

crural

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28
Q

Foot

A

pedal

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29
Q

Ankle

A

tarsal

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30
Q

Top of foot (also back of hand)

A

dorsum

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31
Q

Toes

A

digital/phalangeal

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32
Q

Head

A

cephalic

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33
Q

Base of skull

A

occipital

34
Q

Shoulder

A

acromial

35
Q

Shoulder blade

A

scapular

36
Q

Spinal column

A

vertebral

37
Q

Back of elbow

A

olecranal

38
Q

Back of hand (also top of foot)

A

dorsum

39
Q

Back

A

dorsal

40
Q

Loin

A

lumbar

41
Q

Between hips

A

sacral

42
Q

Buttock

A

gluteal

43
Q

Hollow behind knee

A

popliteal

44
Q

Calf

A

sural

45
Q

Sole

A

plantar

46
Q

Heel

A

calcaneal

47
Q

Medial vs. lateral

A 
medial = midline
lateral = distance from midline
48
Q

Ipsilateral vs. contralateral

A 
ipsilateral = on the same side of the body
contralateral = in conjunction with the opposite side
49
Q

Proximal vs. distal

A 
proximal = closer to midline
distal = farther from midline
50
Q

Superior/cephalic vs. inferior/caudal

A 
superior = above
inferior = below
51
Q

Anterior/ventral/rostral vs. posterior/dorsal

A 
anterior/ventral/rostral = front
posterior/dorsal = back/tail
52
Q

Anatomical position: supine vs. prone

A 
supine = lying face-up
prone = lying face-down
53
Q

Planes of section: median/sagittal vs. parasagittal

A 
sagittal = divides body into left and right sides
midsagittal = divides body into equal left and right sides
parasagittal = divides body into unequal left and right sides
54
Q

Planes of section: transverse/horizontal

A

divides body into upper and lower parts

55
Q

Planes of section: frontal/coronal

A

divides body into front and back parts

56
Q

What are some examples of organs that can be seen in bilateral section with some of the planes?

A

eyes

57
Q

Is there a sectional plane that would not give a bilateral view of paired organs?

A

sagittal or parasagittal

58
Q

Layered terms: deep vs. superficial

A

Ex: skin to superficial fascia to deep fascia to skeletal muscle

59
Q

What is the function of body cavities and what are the 2 major body cavities?

A

-function: body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

  1. DORSAL body cavity
  2. VENTRAL body cavity
60
Q

What are the principal contents of the DORSAL cavity?

A

1, cranial cavity:

  • enclosed by skull
  • contains brain
  • membranous lining: meninges (3 layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal)
  1. vertebral/spinal canal:
    - enclosed by the spine
    - contains the spinal cord
    - membranous lining: meninges
61
Q

What are the principal contents of the VENTRAL cavity?

A
  1. thoracic (chest) cavity

2. abdominopelvic cavity:

62
Q

What are viscera?

A

organs within thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

63
Q

What are the principal contents of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • enclosed by the ribcage, sternum (breastbone), and the thoracic portion of the vertebral column (backbone)
  • includes the lungs (with left and right pleural cavities), heart (with pericardial cavity), and mediastinum (central portion of thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities, contains all thoracic organs such as heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea but not lungs)
64
Q

What are the principal contents of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

-from diaphragm to groin, enclosed by the ribcage and pelvis

  1. abdominal cavity: the superior portion that contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine. Membranous lining: peritoneum
  2. pelvic cavity: the inferior portion that contains urinary bladder, some of large intestine, and reproductive system organs. Membranous lining: peritoneum

-also includes peritoneal and retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum, includes kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of small intestine, ascending and descending colons of large intestine, and abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava)

65
Q

What are the membranes of the chambers and organs?

A
  • visceral peritoneum: covers abdominal viscera

- parietal peritoneum: lines abdominal wall and covers the inferior surface of the diaphragm

66
Q

What does the left cavity include?

A
  • stomach

- small intestine (in abdominal cavity)

67
Q

What does the right cavity include?

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • large intestine
  • appendix
68
Q

What are the abdominopelvic REGIONS? (used to describe organ location)

A

(odd #s = left/right, even #s = middle)

  1. left and right hypochondriac
  2. epigastric
  3. left and right lumbar (lateral abdominal/loin)
  4. umbilical
  5. left and right inguinal (iliac/groin)
  6. hypogastric (pubic)
69
Q

What are the abdominopelvic QUADRANTS? (used to diagnose disease)

A 
LUQ = stomach, upper part of small intestine
RUQ = liver, gallbladder, part of the large intestine
LLQ = lower part of small intestine
RLQ = lower part of large intestine, appendix
70
Q

What are the 11 systems of the human body?

A
  1. integumentary system (skin)
  2. skeletal system
  3. muscular system
  4. cardiovascular system
  5. lymphatic system
  6. nervous system
  7. endocrine system
  8. respiratory system
  9. digestive system
  10. urinary system
  11. reproductive systems
71
Q

What are the 5 functions and the 5 components of the integumentary system? (Ch. 5)

A
  1. protects body
  2. helps regulate body temp
  3. eliminates some wastes
  4. helps make Vitamin D
  5. detects sensations (touch, pain, warmth, cold)

-skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands

72
Q

What are the 5 functions and the 3 components of the skeletal system? (Ch. 6-9)

A
  1. supports and protects body
  2. muscle attachment
  3. body movement
  4. houses cells that produce blood cells
  5. stores minerals and lipids (fats)
  • bones
  • joints
  • ^their associated cartilages
73
Q

What are the 3 functions and component of the muscular system? (Ch. 10-11)

A
  1. produces body movements such as walking
  2. stabilizes body position (posture)
  3. generates heat

-skeletal muscle

74
Q

What are the 4 functions and the 2 components of the cardiovascular system? (Ch. 13-15)

A
  1. heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  2. blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes away
  3. helps regulate acid-base balance, temp, and water content of body fluids
  4. blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels

-heart, blood vessels (artery, vein)

75
Q

What are the 3 functions and the 6 components of the lymphatic system? (Ch. 16)

A
  1. returns proteins and fluid to blood
  2. carries lipids from GI tract to blood
  3. structures for lymphocytes that protect against disease-causing microbes to mature and proliferate
  • lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels
  • tonsil
  • thymus (above heart)
  • spleen (left, under heart)
  • thoracic duct
  • lymph nodes
76
Q

What are the 3 functions and the 4 components of the nervous system? (Ch. 17-22)

A
  1. generates action potentials (nerve impulses) to regulate body activities
  2. detects changes in the body’s internal and external environments
  3. interprets the changes and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • special sense organs (eyes, ears)
77
Q

What is the function and the 7 components of the endocrine system? (Ch. 23)

A
  1. regulates body activities by releasing hormones (chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland or tissue to a target organ)
  • pineal gland (brain)
  • pituitary gland (brain)
  • thyroid gland (throat)
  • thymus (above heart)
  • adrenal gland (liver)
  • pancreas (liver)
  • ovary/testis
78
Q

What are the 3 functions and the 5 components of the respiratory system? (Ch. 24)

A
  1. transfers oxygen to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to inhaled air
  2. helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
  3. air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds
  • pharynx (throat)
  • larynx (voice box)
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • bronchus
  • lung
79
Q

What are the 2 functions and the 11 components of the digestive system? (Ch. 25)

A
  1. achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
  2. absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes
  • organs of GI tract: mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus
  • accessory organs of the digestive process: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
80
Q

What are the 5 functions and the 4 components of the urinary system? (Ch. 26)

A
  1. produces, stores, eliminates urine/wastes
  2. regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
  3. helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids
  4. maintains body’s mineral balance
  5. helps regulate production of RBCs
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
81
Q

What are the 3 functions and the 6 components of the female reproductive system? (Ch. 27)

A
  1. gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that unite to form a new organism
  2. gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
  3. associated organs transport and store gametes
  • gonads: ovaries
  • associated organs: uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), uterus, vagina
  • accessory glands: mammary glands, vestibular glands
82
Q

What is the function and the 6 components of the male reproductive system? (Ch. 27)

A
  1. gonads produce gametes (sperm or oocytes) that
  2. gonads release hormones
  3. associated organs transport and store gametes
  • gonads: testes
  • associated organs: epididymus, ductus deferens, penis
  • accessory glands: prostate gland, seminal vesicles

Bio 239 (21 decks)

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