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AQA GCSE - Biology > 3.2 Circulatory System > Flashcards

3.2 Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What organ moves blood around the body?

A

The heart (made from muscle tissue)

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2
Q

Describe the journey of blood through a heart to the lungs?

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium through the vena cava
The right atrium contracts and blood is forced into the right ventricle through atrioventricular valves
The right ventricle contracts and the blood is pumper into the pulmonary artery
The pulmonary artery transports the blood to the lungs where CO2 diffuses out into the lungs and oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and binds to haemoglobin

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3
Q

Describe the journey of blood through the heart from the lungs?

A

The blood now oxygenated at a lower pressure returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium
The left atrium contracts and the blood is forced into the left ventricle through the atrioventricular valves
The left ventricle contracts and the blood is forced under high pressure into the aorta and transported around the rest of the body

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4
Q

Why are valves in the heart?

A

To prevent the back flow of blood

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5
Q

What are heart strings used for in the heart?

A

They keep the valves in place

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6
Q

Why is the septum in the heart?

A

It separates the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

What are coronary arteries and used for?

A

They lie on the surface of the heart and the heart immediately needs oxygenated blood to respire for energy to contract

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8
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular heart wall?

A

It has to contract stronger to pump blood around the entire body

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9
Q

What are the two separate circulatory systems?

A

One for the lungs and one for the rest of the organs

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10
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the organs (except the pulmonary artery)

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11
Q

Name some properties of an artery?

A

Carries blood with high pressure
Thick layer of muscular and elastic tissue to with stand high blood pressure
Not permeable
Doesn’t contain valves

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12
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the organs back to the heart (except the pulmonary vein)

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13
Q

Name some properties of a vein?

A

Carries blood with low pressure
Little muscular and elastic tissue (thinner walls)
Contains valves to prevent back flow of blood

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14
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Carry blood through organs allowing exchange of substances with all living cells

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15
Q

Name some properties of capillaries?

A

Only 1 cell thick - short diffusion distance
Large network of them - large surface area
Only one red blood cell can fit through at one time

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16
Q

Why is a stent used?

A

If arteries begin to narrow or are blocked blood flow is restricted so organ can become deprived of nutrients and oxygen

17
Q

What are stents used for?

A

To keep blood vessels open

18
Q

What are stents often used in and why?

A

Coronary arteries

They narrow due to fatty deposits cutting off blood to the heart

19
Q

What is the surgery called to insert a stent?

A

Angioplasty

20
Q

What is a stent made out of?

A

Metal mesh and it’s non-corrosive

21
Q

What are two differences between a foetal heart and an adult heart?

A

The foetal heart has:
The ductus venosus: connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta
A hole between atriums

22
Q

How does the foetal heart change when born?

A

The ductus venosus closes upon the first breath as a result of increase in pressure and never reopens

The hole closes as a result of adrenaline causing high blood pressure when you are born

23
Q

Why is it important a foetal heart changes?

A

Oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood need to be separated

It could cause fatigue if not enough oxygen gets to the muscles

24
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue

25
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Fluid called plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

26
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

It transports many substances:
CO2 from organs to lungs
Soluble products of digestion from small intestine to other organs (glucose and amino acids)
Urea from liver to kidney

27
Q

Name some properties of a red blood cell?

A

It is a biconcave disk (larger surface area)
No nucleus
Contains red pigment haemoglobin

28
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

The haemoglobin combined with the oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin in the lungs

Red blood cells transport this to the organs where the oxyhemoglobin can split back into the two components

29
Q

What is the reaction in red blood cells?

A

Oxygen + haemoglobin ⇌ oxyhemoglobin

30
Q

Describe a white blood cell and what it does?

A

Contains a nucleus
Part of the bodies defence system against pathogenic microorganisms
They engulf pathogens or produce antibodies and antitoxins

31
Q

What are platelets and what do they do?

A

Small fragments of cells
Don’t have a nucleus
They help clot blood at the site of a wound

32
Q

What does artificial blood not contain that blood from donors contain?

A

It doesn’t contain cells

33
Q

What are the advantages of artificial blood?

A

Doesn’t need refrigerating

Matching blood isn’t necessary

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of artificial blood?

A

Expensive
Doesn’t carry as much oxygen
Can be insoluble so doesn’t mix well with blood
Unpleasant side effects

35
Q

What are the advantages of an artificial heart?

A

It doesn’t need to match the persons tissue

No immunosuppressant drugs

36
Q

What are the disadvantages of an artificial heart?

A

Expensive
Can only be used for a short time
Issues with blood clotting
You have to spend a lot of time in hospital

AQA GCSE - Biology (25 decks)

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