1.7 Genetic Variation And Its Control

Question 1

What is a gamete?

Answer 1

Sex cells

Question 2

Where is a chromosome found?

Answer 2

In the nucleus

Question 3

What do chromosomes have?

Answer 3

Threads of DNA structures carrying genes

Question 4

Do chromosomes tend to be in pairs or alone?

Answer 4

Pairs

Question 5

How many chromosomes does a normal human body cell have?

Answer 5

46

Question 6

How many chromosomes do you get from your mother and father separately?

Answer 6

23 or half from each

Question 7

What are body cells called?

Answer 7

Diploid

Question 8

What is a gene?

Answer 8

A short section of DNA carrying genetic infection for a certain protein

Question 9

What do different genes do?

Answer 9

Control different characteristics

Question 10

What are characteristics affected by?

Answer 10

Genetics and environment

Question 11

Name only genetic characteristics

Answer 11

Eye colour
Blood type
Tongue roll

Question 12

Name only environmental characteristics

Answer 12

Accent
Tattoo
Scar

Question 13

Name genetic and environmental characteristics

Answer 13

Height
Personality
Body mass
IQ

Question 14

What are the two forms of reproduction?

Answer 14

Sexual and Asexual reproduction

Question 15

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 15

The fusion of male and female gametes

Question 16

What does sexual reproduction lead to?

Answer 16

Variety in offspring

Question 17

What is Asexual reproduction?

Answer 17

No fusion of gametes 
Only one parent needed
No mix of genetic information 
No variety therefore genetically identical 
A clone of the parent

Question 18

Name two types of plant cloning

Answer 18

Cutting

Tissue Culture

Question 19

What is cutting?

Answer 19

Cut a branch close to the stem to maximise cells at an angle
Plant in another pot with soil and sand
Dip in Auxins to help the growth

Question 20

What is tissue culture?

Answer 20

Take a scrapping of a leaf
Grow scrapping on a nutrient medium
Cells will grow into individual little plants
They will eventually grow into big plants

Question 21

Which of the plant cloning is faster?

Answer 21

Cutting

Question 22

Which of the plant cloning gives less damage to the plant?

Answer 22

Tissue culture

Question 23

Name the two types of animal cloning?

Answer 23

Embryo transplantation

Fusion cell cloning

Question 24

Describe embryo transplantation

Answer 24

Sperm is artificially inseminated into the female
Embryos are extracted from the female
Tease/split the cells apart before they become specialised
They are transplanted into a surrogate
The offspring is genetically identical

Question 25

Describe fusion cell cloning

Answer 25

Remove a body cell from a male and keep the nucleus discarding the rest
Remove an egg cell from a female of the same species and remove the nucleus (left with enucleated cell)
Combine the two in a petri dish
To fertilise the cell you shock it with electricity causing the zygote to divide into an embryo
The embryo is implanted into a surrogate developing at an early stage
The offspring is genetically identical to the male

Question 26

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 26

Altering the genes in plant or animal cells

Question 27

What are crops called when they have been genetically engineered?

Answer 27

Genetically modified crops

Question 28

What are herbicides?

Answer 28

Plants resistant to insect attacks

Question 29

Describe genetic engineering of a bacteria

Answer 29

Extract the plasmid from the bacteria
Cut out the gene you want using an enzyme
Cut a section of the plasmid away using an enzyme
Insert the required gene into the section of the plasmid and glue it together using an enzyme
Put the new plasmid into a bacteria cell and place in a fermenter to let it divide

Question 30

What are the advantages of GM crops?

Answer 30

Higher yield

Less time and energy putting toxins on crops

Question 31

What are the disadvantages of GM crops?

Answer 31

It may affect the biodiversity

We don’t know the long term health effects