3.2 Flashcards
when things are in high energy , what des that mean?
they are unstable and easily broken down when hydrolysed
provide an ex of something that is high in energy?
NADH
FADH2
ATP
is the first part of glycolysis endergonic or exergonic?
when glucose turns into gluc 6 phosphate, there is endergonic but coupled with exergonic to make it overall exergonic
is atp or its reactants higher in solvation energy?
the reactiants adp and p I are bc they are more favorable with the hydrogen bonds
what is glycogen?
its where the glucose is stored in the liver and is called glucogenesis but muscles store their own glucose and doesn’t share
glucose unit
1 g/L
glucose unit
1 mg/l
180g/mol
5mM
what does reducing means? one of the bonds like the first carbon on glycogen is not involved in o glycosidic bond. what is nonreducung?
both h and oh are involved in glycodisic bond like the fourth carbon
why does ATP have a low electrostatic repulsion?
look at slide of exergonic atp hydrolyss
what phosphoryl groups are higher than atp?
phosphoenolpyrivate
1,3 bpg
phosphocreatine (atp stored for muscle contraction)
what is inorganic phosphate (Pi)
lower in energy than atp
has three o- and one double bond at o with the phosphorus
describe glycogen?
more highly branched at alpha 1 to 6 at every 10 residues
describe glycogen?
more highly branched at alpha 1 to 6 at every 10 residues
the branches helps make it more efficient at cleaving to just get the glucose
branches must be 4 residues away
donor of glycogen must be at least 11 residues long
glycogenlysis part 1
uses glycogen phosphorylase uses a phosphate to break glycosidic linkage branches as to the 4-mer so it cant go more thsn five units so there is a limit
glycogen to G1P
glycogen debranching enzyme
it cuts the 4 mer to get the trisaccharide and leaves the other last one behind and hydrolyses it so that the the glucose can be continued to be taken by the glycogen phosphorylase
Phosphoglcomutase
G1P to G6P
so that glucose can enter glycolysis or be into phosphate pathway so that ican be reused to make bigger macromolec if needed
glucose 6 phosphatase
step only in liver and kidneys BUT NOT MUSCLES
turns the glucose 6 phosphate into a better glucose
very exergonic because this same enzyme cannot be used in reverse bc the new enzyme would be hexokinase
occurs in mostly liver and somewhat kidneys
substrate level oxidation vs oxidative phosphorylation
substrate uses ADP and phosphate coupled reaction to make ATP?
oxidative directly fuse ATP with other high energy like NADH and FADH2
steady state is really the what?
to remain homeostasis
what glucose transporter does liver use
glut 2 bc it is bidirectional
glycogenin
the nucleus for every glycogen
permantely covalent to glucose
describe the pathway of products for glycogenesis
glucose glucose 6 phosphate glucose 1 phosphate udp glucose oligoglucosyl glcogenin glycogen linear glycogen branched
why have udp glucose instead of just glucose
has a higher affinity to pick up glucose
udp is always a donor
glycogen synthase
adds more of the glycosyl unit to the non reducing carbon 4 end to make linear chain of glycogen
glycogen branching enzyme
makes branches of glycogen for every seventh residue by using the reducing end of the first carbon at the seventh residue and attaching it to sixth carbon of a glycogen chain
ATP demand exceeds supply
u are starving and need more glucose
- glucose phosphorylase is activated
- glucose synthase is inhibited
-high AMP low ATP and G6P
ATP supply exceeds demand
high ATP and G6P
low AMP
Glucose synthase actvated
glucose phosphorylase is inhibited
