3.2

Question 1

when things are in high energy , what des that mean?

Answer 1

they are unstable and easily broken down when hydrolysed

Question 2

provide an ex of something that is high in energy?

Answer 2

NADH
FADH2
ATP

Question 3

is the first part of glycolysis endergonic or exergonic?

Answer 3

when glucose turns into gluc 6 phosphate, there is endergonic but coupled with exergonic to make it overall exergonic

Question 4

is atp or its reactants higher in solvation energy?

Answer 4

the reactiants adp and p I are bc they are more favorable with the hydrogen bonds

Question 5

what is glycogen?

Answer 5

its where the glucose is stored in the liver and is called glucogenesis but muscles store their own glucose and doesn’t share

Question 6

glucose unit

Answer 6

1 g/L

Question 7

glucose unit

Answer 7

1 mg/l
180g/mol

5mM

Question 8

what does reducing means? one of the bonds like the first carbon on glycogen is not involved in o glycosidic bond. what is nonreducung?

Answer 8

both h and oh are involved in glycodisic bond like the fourth carbon

Question 9

why does ATP have a low electrostatic repulsion?

Answer 9

look at slide of exergonic atp hydrolyss

Question 10

what phosphoryl groups are higher than atp?

Answer 10

phosphoenolpyrivate
1,3 bpg

phosphocreatine (atp stored for muscle contraction)

Question 11

what is inorganic phosphate (Pi)

Answer 11

lower in energy than atp

has three o- and one double bond at o with the phosphorus

Question 12

describe glycogen?

Answer 12

more highly branched at alpha 1 to 6 at every 10 residues

Question 13

describe glycogen?

Answer 13

more highly branched at alpha 1 to 6 at every 10 residues

the branches helps make it more efficient at cleaving to just get the glucose

branches must be 4 residues away
donor of glycogen must be at least 11 residues long

Question 14

glycogenlysis part 1

Answer 14

uses glycogen phosphorylase uses a phosphate to break glycosidic linkage branches as to the 4-mer so it cant go more thsn five units so there is a limit

glycogen to G1P

Question 15

glycogen debranching enzyme

Answer 15

it cuts the 4 mer to get the trisaccharide and leaves the other last one behind and hydrolyses it so that the the glucose can be continued to be taken by the glycogen phosphorylase

Question 16

Phosphoglcomutase

Answer 16

G1P to G6P
so that glucose can enter glycolysis or be into phosphate pathway so that ican be reused to make bigger macromolec if needed

Question 17

glucose 6 phosphatase

Answer 17

step only in liver and kidneys BUT NOT MUSCLES
turns the glucose 6 phosphate into a better glucose

very exergonic because this same enzyme cannot be used in reverse bc the new enzyme would be hexokinase

occurs in mostly liver and somewhat kidneys

Question 18

substrate level oxidation vs oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 18

substrate uses ADP and phosphate coupled reaction to make ATP?

oxidative directly fuse ATP with other high energy like NADH and FADH2

Question 19

steady state is really the what?

Answer 19

to remain homeostasis

Question 20

what glucose transporter does liver use

Answer 20

glut 2 bc it is bidirectional

Question 21

glycogenin

Answer 21

the nucleus for every glycogen

permantely covalent to glucose

Question 22

describe the pathway of products for glycogenesis

Answer 22

glucose 
glucose 6 phosphate
glucose 1 phosphate
udp glucose
oligoglucosyl glcogenin
glycogen linear
glycogen branched

Question 23

why have udp glucose instead of just glucose

Answer 23

has a higher affinity to pick up glucose

udp is always a donor

Question 24

glycogen synthase

Answer 24

adds more of the glycosyl unit to the non reducing carbon 4 end to make linear chain of glycogen

Question 25

glycogen branching enzyme

Answer 25

makes branches of glycogen for every seventh residue by using the reducing end of the first carbon at the seventh residue and attaching it to sixth carbon of a glycogen chain

Question 26

ATP demand exceeds supply

Answer 26

u are starving and need more glucose

• glucose phosphorylase is activated
• glucose synthase is inhibited

-high AMP low ATP and G6P

Question 27

ATP supply exceeds demand

Answer 27

high ATP and G6P
low AMP

Glucose synthase actvated

glucose phosphorylase is inhibited