1.3 Flashcards
which of the following (anomers or epimers) are in equilibrium?
anomers and can be interconverted
acid (HA)
- all acids exist in equilibrium with their dissociate ion (A-)
- can donate a proton (H+)
- formula: HA <=> H+ + A-
Base
can pick up a proton and can become protonated
- known as B
formula: B + H+ <=> BH
what is the Henderson Hasselbach equation?
relationship between the ionization of a weak acid and the pH of the solution
- the ratio helps determine each component
- Does not take into account of ionization but only buffers
tera prefix
10^12
what is the concentration of h20 in pure water under standard state conditions?
56 mol/liter
name the three standard state conditions?
25 degree Celsius , pH of seven, 1 atm
what is the variable for avogrado’s number?
6.022 x 10 ^23 which is NA
units for mass concentration?
g/L
units for number concentration
1/liters
The H+ proton can largely exist as what molecule?
H3O .
proton jumping?
it is when the H+ jumps from one water molecule to another
-occurs in water very fast
in hydronium water
the water is ionized and has a pka of 14
relationship of H+ and pH
in acidic conditions, there are more pH
in basic conditions, there are less pH
pH formula
pH= -log (H+)
pH= pka + log [A-/HA]
ex: pH of h2o = -log(10^-7) = 7
what is the pH of blood?
7.4
what s the pH of vinegar?
3
what is the pH of milk?
7
what is the pH of gastric juice?
1.5
the equilibrium dissociation constant formula?
Ka = [H+ A-] / HA
pKa formula
- lower the pka the more the acid will be let go
pka = -log(ka)
H3PO4 ka and pka
ka= 7.08 x 10^-3 pka = 2.15
H2PO4- ka and pka
ka = 1.51 x 10^-7
pka = 6.82
buffers
weak acids and weak bases that resist changes in the pH
give an ex of blood buffer
carbonic acid
H2CO3 <=> HCO3 + H+ <=> CO2 + H2O
at what numeric value will the buffer work?
the same numeric value of pka b/c it needs to be in equal amounts in order to neutralize the PH
OH- + HA = HOH +A-
PH = +/- 1 ONLY for it to work best
acetic acid ka and pka
ka= 1.74 x 10^-5 and pka = 4.76
h2co3 ka and pka
ka = 4.47 x 10^-7 and pka = 6.35
nh4+
ka= 5.62 x 10^-10 and pka = 9.25
HPO4 2- Ka and Pka
ka = 4.17 x
water ka and pka
ka = 1.00 x 10^-14 pka = 14
do lipids polymerize
no
define lipids
hydrophobic molec with polar and nonpolar
name the five classes of lipids
fatty acids tryglycerides phospholipids sphingolipids steroidolipids
define fatty acids
they are carboxylic with amphatic long tails
- the # of c are btwn 10-30
- under physiological conditions, it is carboxylate
what does 18:2 mean?
there re 18 carbons and 2 double bonds
define saturated and unsaturated
saturated have single bonds and cannot add any more carbons and hydrogens
unsaturated means that there are double bonds with kinks
saturated vs unsaturated
saturated has higher mp and more flexible because it can rotate freely around single bonds. DOUBLE BONDS CANNOT DO THIS
what increases the mp?
saturation number (m) more saturated carbons less double bonds
describe the structure of glycerol?
it has three carbons and an OH and H2 bonded t each carbon
triglycerides process from glycerol
they go through esterification in which the OH disappears and the a carbonyl, extra oxygen, and an R group appears
what are triglycerides?
oils and fats that are hydrophobic stored in adipose tissue
are trans fats good or bad?
they are bad B/C they are PROCESSED but they prolong and taste better so better profit but BAD HEALTH
Lipolysis/ lipogenesis
breaking down triglycerides to release fatty acids
which one carries more energy, sugar or fats?
fats b/c it has more electrons
describe the making of the phospholipids
glycerol is phosphorylated which means that the third oh will turn into phosphorus with an Oh and three oxygens attached because it can have five bonds (THE OH DOES NOT DISAPPEAR IN THIS ONE). This is called the head polar portion because the rest of the phospholipids is hydrophobic
THEN will have an esterification process on the first carbon where it adds an R group and carbonyl and oxygen.
ampipathic vs amphiphillic
both have polar and nonpolar regions but amphipathic are for harboring lipids but amphiphilic are attraction for proteins
are all lipids amphiphilic?
no only phospholipids which can be polar or charged.
what does zwitterionic mean?
neutral
sphingolipids
1rst carbon: has OH and goes through etherification which means X replaces the H of the OH
2nd carbon: amino group (H3N) goes through acetylation and adds a carbonyl with an r group
3rd carbon: fatty acid tail
sphingolipids are deriv of ?
ceramides
what are the subclasses of sphingolipids?
carbons1. x= phosphor (choline/ethanolamine) = spingomyelins (neuronal lipids)
2. x = monosaccharides = cerebrosides (neuronal)
3. oligosaccharide = globosides = in erythrocytes
4. x = sialilated oligosaccharide = ganglioside= most complex with a NINE CARBON SUGAR
lipid raft
lipids move together in a raft
steroidolipids
made up of sterane
ex: cholesterol
what is sterane made up of
has 3 cyclohexanes rings (perhydrophanthrene) fused with cyclopentane ring
total of 17
cholesterol is
3rd lipid in membrane
very rigid with good shape and fluidity
precursor for biosynthesis of steroid hormones
are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic or lipophilic
hydrophobic and lipophillic
glucocorticides
ex= cortisol
focuses on stress and hypoglycemia
controls metabolism and inflammation
mineralcorticoids
ex: alsosterone
deals with hypotension and acidosis
controls osmoregulation
androgen, estrogen, and progesterone are focused on:
exercise and being stress free
