0-1.1 Flashcards
what is inorganic phosphate?
PO4^3- … there are three oxygens with a negative.
known as Pi because it is in its inorganic form
what is the protonated form of inorganic phosphate?
Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4)^2- … only two of the oxygens have a negative sign
Which of the two will the textbooks show as a reactant for Pi? Inorganic phosphate or Hydrogen phosphate?
Hydrogen phosphate .
(HPO4)2- <=> PO4^3- + H+
PK=12
what is the phosphoryl group?
its the phosphorus with three oxygens attached to a R group… keep in mind that phosphorus can form five bonds so one of the oxygens that are attached always has a double bond
what is the phosphate group?
it is the phosphorus with four oxygens attached to an R group. There are only two oxygens with neg signs
what is an acyl group?
R-C=O
what is an ester group?
it is an acyl group bonded to an oxygen and an R group. There should be two oxygens in total.
what is a thioester?
it is an acyl group attached to a sulfur group and an oxygen with a neg sign
what is a phosphoester?
it is a phosphorus attached to two oxygens (one with a double bond and one with a single bond)
what is a phosphodiester?
it is a phosphorus with a double bond attached to two other oxygens through single bonds….
think of di.. meaning two
a phosphor group already has an oxygen attached
an ester means that there is an extra O. The di means that there is another extra O
what is an anhydride?
it has three oxygens attached to two carbons. One of the oxygens are in the middle of the carbons and then the others are attached to each side.
this is all between two R groups
what is a phosphoanhydride?
it is a phosphorus with three oxygens. There is an oxygen in between the phosphorus and then there are two oxygen on each side by double bonds
N glucosidic bond
this a type of bond that covalently attaches two ring structures. The nitrogen of one structure will connect to a hydrogen of another structure.
kilo
10^3 thousand
mega
10^6 million
giga
10^9 billion
tera
10^12 trillion
peta
10^15 quadrillion
exa
10^18 quintillion
milli
10^-3 thousandth
micro
10^-6 millionth
nano
10^-9 billionth
pico
10^-12 trillionth
femto
10^-15 quadrillionth
Atto
10^-18 quintrillionth
Angstrom
10^-10
how many angstrom are in nm and pm?
moving to the left with bigger # like 10^-9
moving to the right with numbers smaller like 10^-12
think of milli and kilo
ans: .1 nm and 100 pm
name three monomers
amino acids, carbohydrates (monosaccharides), nucleotides
name three polymers
proteins, polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) nucleic acid,
adapt vs adopt
adapt is to change or adjust to the environment in a positive way
adopt is to take on/up
monosaccharides (define)
they are simple sugars with a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group. They have a chiral carbon
they have the (CH2O)n group but n has to be >3
monosaccharides are also known as ?
carbonyl polyprols
polyhdroxy carbonyls
monosaccharides are also classified as aldoses and ketoses
from ketones and aldehydes
monosaccharides are derived from
CO2 AND H2O
enantiomers
optical isomers and are non-superimposable mirror images of each other
ex: hands
optical isomers
deals with two mirror images that have a different components like the levoratory and dextroroatory that rotate the plane of polarized light in opp dire but equal amounts
non polarized light
the electrical field goes in all directions
ex: sunlight and light bulb
polarimeter
determines the direction and angle of polarized light
monosaccharides D/L configurations
for L, most of the OH groups will be on the left side
for D, most of the OH groups will be on the right side
fischer projections vertical vs horizontal lines
horizontal lines= comes out of type projection
vertical lines= goes inside the projection
there are a total of how many stereoisomers?
16
aldose vs ketose
aldose has only the sixth carbon as ch2oh but ketose has the first and sixth carbon
-ketose also has the ulose ending compared to aldose ose ending
furanose
five carbon cyclic member ring
ex - fructose
pyranose
six carbon cyclic member ring
ex- glucose
alpha anomer vs beta anomer
- the alpha will have the oh and the ch2oh on the opposite sides because the alpha wants to be the boss.
- the beta anomer will have the oh and the ch2oh on the same side
- beta anomers are 60% whereas the alpha anomers are 40%
name two types of diastereomers?
anomers and epimers
