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Biochemistry 401 > 1.6 > Flashcards

1.6 Flashcards

1
Q

going towards the nucleus

A

downstream

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2
Q

going away from the nucleus

A

upstream

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3
Q

signal transduction

A

convert one signal into another

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4
Q

hormones vs (growth factors and cytokines)

A

hormones act through the specific glands and travel in the blood through a distant side (aka systemic)….

the other ones are near their sites or far so locally or systemically… cytokines and growth factors are not specific.

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5
Q

traverse vs transverse

A

traverse can go through the membrane

transverse is meaning the slower type of diff

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6
Q

how are hormones produced

A

the endocrine uses a cascade of proteins and receptors like enzymes

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7
Q

what are glands?

A

organs in the body that synthesize and secrete products like insulin and sweat

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8
Q

name the two types of glands?

A

exocrine (sweat, salivary, mammary glands)

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9
Q

is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?

A

it is both

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10
Q

islets of Langerhans

A

makes up 2% of the pancreas that works as the endocrine to promote insulin and glucagon

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11
Q

what does 98% of the pancreas do for the exocrine gland?

A

it secretes digestive enzymes like trypsin and chymtripsin

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12
Q

what are the major categories of the endocrine hormone?

A
  1. small organic molecules like steroids(highly lipophilic)

2. peptide hormones like insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

steroid hormone receptors

A

specific intracellular (cytoplasmic and nuclear) receptor that the steroids bind to

belong to a nuclear receptor superfamily that become activated when binding to a ligand.

destination is the nucleus

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14
Q

name the five steroid hormones

A
  1. corticoids
  2. mineralcorticoids
  3. androgen
  4. estrogen
  5. progesterone
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15
Q

glucocorticoids

A

ex: cortisol

deals with stress and hypoglycemia
functions in metabolism and inflammation

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16
Q

mineralcorticoids

A

ex: aldosterone

deals with hypotension and acidosis
function: osmoregulation (salt and water balance)

17
Q

androgen

A

responsible for male characteristics
in male and females
ex: testosterone
deals with exercise and being stress free

too much will cause prostate cancer

18
Q

estrogen

A 
ex: estradiol
deals with stress free and exercise 
too much will cause breast cancer 
function: female sex steroid
in females and males
19
Q

progestens

A

ex:progesterone

has to do with the reproductive system and menstruation

deals with exercise and being stress free

in males and females

20
Q

glucagon

A

structure: alpha helix and has 3.5kD and has 29 amino acids

low blood glucose level

process: breaks down glycogen through glycolysis and synthesizes glucose from glucogenesis

glucose is made up of pyruvate and lactate which are non carbohydrates

Glucagon receptor is on the external face of the target cell and the insulin receptor has to activate a downstream events of the cytoplasm

21
Q

the glucagon receptor belongs to what family of receptors

A

g protein coupled receptor (GCPR)

22
Q

insulin

A

is 5.8 kD and is a dimer of alpha and beta chainsthat are covalently bonded to each other with disulfide bonds and folded with more alpha helixes

stops the liver from producing glucose

absorbs glucose

IR causes a cascade of downstream

23
Q

the insulin receptor is what type of cell surface receptor?

A

RTK

24
Q

what is a constant blood glucose

A

1 mg/ml

25
Q

name three types of hormone receptors

A

steroid hormone receptors

receptor tyrosine kinase

g protein coupled receptor

26
Q

describe shr

A

located in they cytoplasms and nucleus and are ligand transcription receptors that are water soluble
-has 3 domains db ta lb

-has heat shock proteins

27
Q

which one of the domains db ta or lb are responsible for binding to ligand

A

db but it is dependent so it needs to be specific and sequence dependent

lb has the hormone binded to it but ligand depend and a conformational change

ta participates in transcription, binds to gene promoters to turn them on, recruits others, and is LIGAND INDEP

28
Q

rtk has how many transmembrane toplogy?

A

1

29
Q

name 3 domains of rtk

A

ligand binding(dimerization and conformat change)

single alpha helical TM (transmembrane) with lateral diff

tyrosine kinase

has insulin growth factors

phosphorylates

30
Q

SH2

A

similar to others and yet unique

31
Q

are there more phosphatases than kinase?

A

no only 200 for every 500 kinase

32
Q

g protein coupled receptors

A

seven transmembrane with alpha helix coils
exist in association of heterotrimer of alpha beta sandwich and gamma

gdp to gtp conformat change

ATP to cAMP

33
Q

glucose transporter has how many transmembrane?

A

12

34
Q

protein kinase A

A

with the help of cAMP, phosphorylates serine and thromine

35
Q

protein kinase C

A

target for IP3 and phosphorylates serine and THR

Biochemistry 401 (11 decks)

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