1.6 Flashcards
going towards the nucleus
downstream
going away from the nucleus
upstream
signal transduction
convert one signal into another
hormones vs (growth factors and cytokines)
hormones act through the specific glands and travel in the blood through a distant side (aka systemic)….
the other ones are near their sites or far so locally or systemically… cytokines and growth factors are not specific.
traverse vs transverse
traverse can go through the membrane
transverse is meaning the slower type of diff
how are hormones produced
the endocrine uses a cascade of proteins and receptors like enzymes
what are glands?
organs in the body that synthesize and secrete products like insulin and sweat
name the two types of glands?
exocrine (sweat, salivary, mammary glands)
is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine?
it is both
islets of Langerhans
makes up 2% of the pancreas that works as the endocrine to promote insulin and glucagon
what does 98% of the pancreas do for the exocrine gland?
it secretes digestive enzymes like trypsin and chymtripsin
what are the major categories of the endocrine hormone?
- small organic molecules like steroids(highly lipophilic)
2. peptide hormones like insulin and glucagon
steroid hormone receptors
specific intracellular (cytoplasmic and nuclear) receptor that the steroids bind to
belong to a nuclear receptor superfamily that become activated when binding to a ligand.
destination is the nucleus
name the five steroid hormones
- corticoids
- mineralcorticoids
- androgen
- estrogen
- progesterone
glucocorticoids
ex: cortisol
deals with stress and hypoglycemia
functions in metabolism and inflammation
mineralcorticoids
ex: aldosterone
deals with hypotension and acidosis
function: osmoregulation (salt and water balance)
androgen
responsible for male characteristics
in male and females
ex: testosterone
deals with exercise and being stress free
too much will cause prostate cancer
estrogen
ex: estradiol deals with stress free and exercise too much will cause breast cancer function: female sex steroid in females and males
progestens
ex:progesterone
has to do with the reproductive system and menstruation
deals with exercise and being stress free
in males and females
glucagon
structure: alpha helix and has 3.5kD and has 29 amino acids
low blood glucose level
process: breaks down glycogen through glycolysis and synthesizes glucose from glucogenesis
glucose is made up of pyruvate and lactate which are non carbohydrates
Glucagon receptor is on the external face of the target cell and the insulin receptor has to activate a downstream events of the cytoplasm
the glucagon receptor belongs to what family of receptors
g protein coupled receptor (GCPR)
insulin
is 5.8 kD and is a dimer of alpha and beta chainsthat are covalently bonded to each other with disulfide bonds and folded with more alpha helixes
stops the liver from producing glucose
absorbs glucose
IR causes a cascade of downstream
the insulin receptor is what type of cell surface receptor?
RTK
what is a constant blood glucose
1 mg/ml
name three types of hormone receptors
steroid hormone receptors
receptor tyrosine kinase
g protein coupled receptor
describe shr
located in they cytoplasms and nucleus and are ligand transcription receptors that are water soluble
-has 3 domains db ta lb
-has heat shock proteins
which one of the domains db ta or lb are responsible for binding to ligand
db but it is dependent so it needs to be specific and sequence dependent
lb has the hormone binded to it but ligand depend and a conformational change
ta participates in transcription, binds to gene promoters to turn them on, recruits others, and is LIGAND INDEP
rtk has how many transmembrane toplogy?
1
name 3 domains of rtk
ligand binding(dimerization and conformat change)
single alpha helical TM (transmembrane) with lateral diff
tyrosine kinase
has insulin growth factors
phosphorylates
SH2
similar to others and yet unique
are there more phosphatases than kinase?
no only 200 for every 500 kinase
g protein coupled receptors
seven transmembrane with alpha helix coils
exist in association of heterotrimer of alpha beta sandwich and gamma
gdp to gtp conformat change
ATP to cAMP
glucose transporter has how many transmembrane?
12
protein kinase A
with the help of cAMP, phosphorylates serine and thromine
protein kinase C
target for IP3 and phosphorylates serine and THR
