3.1 Catabolic metabolism

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

the process in which living organisms break down nutrients or synthesize biomolecules to drive biochemical processes needed for maintenance of life (all of the chemical reactions in the body)

Question 2

define catabolism

Answer 2

• metabolic process nutrients can be broke down to generate energy
  ex: proteins are broken down into amino acids and then reused to make new proteins

Question 3

define anabolism

Answer 3

• metabolic process that can be synthesized from simpler methods
• ex: amino acids into proteins

Question 4

Define metabolic pathway

Answer 4

series of many reactions that involves intermediates occurring in a sequence (cascade)

-end goal: to make the substrate form a product

Question 5

why are there intermediates in a metabolic pathway? like why is it a going to b going to c to d to e instead of a going directly to e?

Answer 5

the intermediates help to serve as entry points that allow pathways to communicate (cross talk), get rid of excess product, and maintain the body homeostasis

Question 6

metabolite

Answer 6

small molecules in the metabolic pathway( excluding macromolecules because they are being metabolized such as a protein)

Question 7

where does the metabolic breakdown occur?

Answer 7

in the gut and includes the alimentary canal, GI and digestive tract (pseudo exterior because it stays within a tube that separates it from the exterior of the body)

ex: bacteria lining the gut( on top of the gut but not really inside the organs) because they are inside of you but not to the point that they can come out of the other end from excretion

Question 8

esophagus role

Answer 8

deliver food from the mouth to the stomach and is one feet long

Question 9

stomach role

Answer 9

churns up food into smaller pieces by using gastric acid (HCl ) and digestive enzymes(pepsin and lipase)

Question 10

small intestine role

Answer 10

most of the digestion occurs and the nutrients are being absorbed into the portal vein that leads to the liver

Question 11

pancreas role

Answer 11

produces the digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase) and directs it to the small intestine

Question 12

liver role

Answer 12

releases the bile into the small intestine to help process nutrient rich blood before going into the portal vein

Question 13

large intestine role

Answer 13

• absorbs water to conserve for the body

- excrete the undigested (stool such as bulk of fiber and polysaccharides) as waste

Question 14

role of fiber

Answer 14

-speeds the process of food moving down in the digestive system and slowers the rate of sugar being absorbed into the bloodstream which can help prevent rising of glucose levels

Question 15

heptatic artery

Answer 15

has oxygen(25%) rich blood but poor nutrients

Question 16

heptatic vein

Answer 16

has oxygen poor blood

Question 17

heptatic portal vein

Answer 17

carries blood from one set of capillaries (G.I. tract) to the other set of capillaries (liver)

Question 18

what does the liver have like what kind of source?

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

what does the heart muscle have?

Answer 19

it uses fat because the fat brings more energy so it uses fatty acids and ketone bodies

Question 20

what does the kideys have?

Answer 20

glucose

Question 21

what does the brain have?

Answer 21

glucose

think of when you are studying and u want the chocolate to get energy to help so u want sugar

Question 22

what does the adpose tissue have?

Answer 22

1. fatty acids

2. glucose

Question 23

skeletal muscle has what

Answer 23

glucose fatty acids and ketone bodies (uses all bc it has a high tolerance)

Question 24

erythrocytes have what?

Answer 24

they only need glucose through aneurobic bc they do not have mitochondria or nucleus

Question 25

name the four macronutrients

Answer 25

``` tip: u have a lot of this in your body carbs proteins fats water ```

Question 26

name the micronutrients

Answer 26

have no caloric value but needed in micro units so that enzymes can use them for certain things and need in daily intake bc we can't make them minerals and vitamins

Question 27

name the minerals measurements

Answer 27

milli molar

Question 28

name the minerals

Answer 28

``` stop (sodium) protect (potassium) cautious (calcium) control (chlorine) p (ohosphorus) m agnesium s ulfur ```

Question 29

name the trace elements and measurement

Answer 29

``` zelena (zinc) is (iron) cute (copper) In (iodine) chrome (chromium) for (fluorine) ``` sure (selena) nano/micro

Question 30

how are catabolic pathways made?

Answer 30

energy is released through synthesis of ATP or through reduction of NAD or FADH

Question 31

give the overview of catabolism

Answer 31

food to acetyl co A to etc to reduce to go to oxidative phosphory

Question 32

what happens when a conversion is less than 0 and not close to the equilibrium

Answer 32

that certain reaction will not be reversible and cannot use that same metabolite again. would have to use another metabolote or other intermediates to go back into reverse

Question 33

what level is blood glucose

Answer 33

1 mg/ml

Question 34

rate determining step

Answer 34

slowest rate in the metabolic pathway in glycolysis, the pfk at -19 is rate determining step -shut off when u don't need it and turned on when you need it so only controlling this one instead of all of the steps just focus on this one -determines the flux

Question 35

describe allosteric control

Answer 35

effectors bind away from active site in an mixed and uncompetitive way which controls the rate of the enzyme bc it binds away from the active site it is NOT compet

Question 36

feedback inhibition

Answer 36

can be compet or noncompet bc it can bind to active site or allosteric side -when product increases highly downstream, it can come back to slow the reaction down doesnt have to be the same product in reaction but another reaction

Question 37

Feedforth activation

Answer 37

make more of the substrate so that it can inibit the inhibiting emzye (E2) and go straight to the product (E1) substarte usually binds to E1 in an alosteric manner

Question 38

PTM

Answer 38

protein controls the enzyme by using phosphorylation (covalent modification) uses threonine, serine, and tyrosine too much will reduce it

Question 39

substrate cycling

Answer 39

highly sensitive and responds to substrate concentration by using fwd and rev at concerted manner so it works in both ways NOT JUST DIRECTIONAL BUT BIDIRECTIONAL

Question 40

what does hexokinase do

Answer 40

it uses its divalent ion (mg) and kinase to phosphorylate the glucose on the sixth position and makes it glucose 6 phosphate to make it more unstable and to stay in the cytoplasm requires energy of =34kj

Question 41

what does mg do in hexokinase process

Answer 41

it keeps the gamma and beta neg charges of ATP from interacting so that the hexokinase can take the gamma phosphate away to attach to the glucose sixth position

Question 42

phosphoglucose isomerase

Answer 42

turns the aldose glucose6phosphate into the ketose fructose 5 phosphate by first opening glucose ring to fructose and then closing the ring think of inter as two diff compounds like the aldehyde and the ketone is in equilib

Question 43

phosphofructokinase

Answer 43

this is the rate determining step of glycolysis because once it adds the second phosphate group there is no going back and has about -19kj process: adds another phosphate group to the fructose 6 phosphate to 1,6 fructosebisphosphate enhanced by adp inhib by adp/amp

Question 44

triose phosphate isomerase

Answer 44

turns more of the dhap into gap by first using an enolate. occurs at a very fast rate of ten to the nine only GAP is moving on to glycolysis

Question 45

triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)

Answer 45

turns more of the dhap into gap by first using an enolate. occurs at a very fast rate of ten to the nine only GAP is moving on to glycolysis

Question 46

phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

Answer 46

dephosphorylation of 1 3 BPG into 3 BPG | uses adp to turn into atp

Question 47

phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

Answer 47

dephosphorylation of 1 3 BPG into 3 BPG uses adp to turn into atp STILL IN EQUILIB B/C its making ATP 1 3 bPG is used as a phosphate donor to transfer the phosphate group to ATP

Question 48

phosphoglycerate mutase

Answer 48

mutase means move some type of group to another part of the molecule the phosphate is moving from third to second carbon goes from 3pg to 2pg which his more reactive ecause proximity of neg charge

Question 49

phosphoglycerate mutase (PKM)

Answer 49

mutase means move some type of group to another part of the molecule the phosphate is moving from third to second carbon goes from 3pg to 2pg which his more reactive ecause proximity of neg charge

Question 50

enolase (ENO)

Answer 50

forms enol which is double bond btwn second and third carbon involves dehydration by removing two h and o turns 2 phosphoglycerate into phosphenolpyruvate (pep) done bc product is more llikely to give phosphor group to next step to form atp

Question 51

pyruvate kinase (PK)

Answer 51

transfers the phosphate from the phosphate enol pyruvate (2 Pep) to the ATP that will be generated. the enol turns into the alpha ketopropionate (pyruvate) uses -23kJ/mol exergonic

Question 52

PFKase stands for

Answer 52

phosphor fructo kinase

Question 53

FBPase stands for

Answer 53

Fructose biphosphatase which is a hydrolase

Question 54

what happens in the substrate cycling when the muscles are at rest?

Answer 54

the arrows are small and equal to each other for the regulation of pfk and inhib of fbk so low flux

Question 55

what happens in the substrate cycling when the muscles are active?

Answer 55

pfk arrow is thicker and regulated and the fbk is inhibited bc it needs more of the pfk to be regulated so there is a high flux

Question 56

describe homolactic fermentation

Answer 56

occurs in the muscle when o2 is needed NADH and pyruvate will react with each other to generate more NAD+ and lactate(pyruvate with an h on second carbon) enzyme: lactate dehydrogenase too much lactate will cause some of it to go back to pyruvate

Question 57

alcohol fermentatation

Answer 57

found in yeast 1. co2 is released will react with the pyruvate to make acetylaldehyde enzyme: pyruvate dearboxylation 2. alcohol dehydrogenase that oxidizes nadh into nad+ to turn the acetyaldehyde to ethanol