Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry 401 > 3.1 Catabolic metabolism > Flashcards

3.1 Catabolic metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

the process in which living organisms break down nutrients or synthesize biomolecules to drive biochemical processes needed for maintenance of life (all of the chemical reactions in the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define catabolism

A
  • metabolic process nutrients can be broke down to generate energy
    ex: proteins are broken down into amino acids and then reused to make new proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define anabolism

A
  • metabolic process that can be synthesized from simpler methods
  • ex: amino acids into proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define metabolic pathway

A

series of many reactions that involves intermediates occurring in a sequence (cascade)

-end goal: to make the substrate form a product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

why are there intermediates in a metabolic pathway? like why is it a going to b going to c to d to e instead of a going directly to e?

A

the intermediates help to serve as entry points that allow pathways to communicate (cross talk), get rid of excess product, and maintain the body homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metabolite

A

small molecules in the metabolic pathway( excluding macromolecules because they are being metabolized such as a protein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where does the metabolic breakdown occur?

A

in the gut and includes the alimentary canal, GI and digestive tract (pseudo exterior because it stays within a tube that separates it from the exterior of the body)

ex: bacteria lining the gut( on top of the gut but not really inside the organs) because they are inside of you but not to the point that they can come out of the other end from excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

esophagus role

A

deliver food from the mouth to the stomach and is one feet long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stomach role

A

churns up food into smaller pieces by using gastric acid (HCl ) and digestive enzymes(pepsin and lipase)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

small intestine role

A

most of the digestion occurs and the nutrients are being absorbed into the portal vein that leads to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pancreas role

A

produces the digestive enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase) and directs it to the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

liver role

A

releases the bile into the small intestine to help process nutrient rich blood before going into the portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

large intestine role

A
  • absorbs water to conserve for the body

- excrete the undigested (stool such as bulk of fiber and polysaccharides) as waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

role of fiber

A

-speeds the process of food moving down in the digestive system and slowers the rate of sugar being absorbed into the bloodstream which can help prevent rising of glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

heptatic artery

A

has oxygen(25%) rich blood but poor nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

heptatic vein

A

has oxygen poor blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

heptatic portal vein

A

carries blood from one set of capillaries (G.I. tract) to the other set of capillaries (liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the liver have like what kind of source?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the heart muscle have?

A

it uses fat because the fat brings more energy so it uses fatty acids and ketone bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the kideys have?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the brain have?

A

glucose

think of when you are studying and u want the chocolate to get energy to help so u want sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the adpose tissue have?

A
  1. fatty acids

2. glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

skeletal muscle has what

A

glucose fatty acids and ketone bodies (uses all bc it has a high tolerance)

24
Q

erythrocytes have what?

A

they only need glucose through aneurobic bc they do not have mitochondria or nucleus

25
Q

name the four macronutrients

A 
tip: u have a lot of this in your body
carbs
proteins
fats
water
26
Q

name the micronutrients

A

have no caloric value but needed in micro units so that enzymes can use them for certain things and need in daily intake bc we can’t make them

minerals and vitamins

27
Q

name the minerals measurements

A

milli molar

28
Q

name the minerals

A 
stop (sodium)
protect (potassium)
cautious (calcium)
control (chlorine)
p (ohosphorus)
m agnesium
s ulfur
29
Q

name the trace elements and measurement

A 
zelena (zinc)
is (iron)
cute (copper)
In (iodine)
chrome (chromium)
for (fluorine)

sure (selena)
nano/micro

30
Q

how are catabolic pathways made?

A

energy is released through synthesis of ATP or through reduction of NAD or FADH

31
Q

give the overview of catabolism

A

food to acetyl co A to etc to reduce to go to oxidative phosphory

32
Q

what happens when a conversion is less than 0 and not close to the equilibrium

A

that certain reaction will not be reversible and cannot use that same metabolite again. would have to use another metabolote or other intermediates to go back into reverse

33
Q

what level is blood glucose

A

1 mg/ml

34
Q

rate determining step

A

slowest rate in the metabolic pathway
in glycolysis, the pfk at -19 is rate determining step
-shut off when u don’t need it and turned on when you need it so only controlling this one instead of all of the steps just focus on this one
-determines the flux

35
Q

describe allosteric control

A

effectors bind away from active site in an mixed and uncompetitive way which controls the rate of the enzyme
bc it binds away from the active site it is NOT compet

36
Q

feedback inhibition

A

can be compet or noncompet bc it can bind to active site or allosteric side
-when product increases highly downstream, it can come back to slow the reaction down doesnt have to be the same product in reaction but another reaction

37
Q

Feedforth activation

A

make more of the substrate so that it can inibit the inhibiting emzye (E2) and go straight to the product (E1)

substarte usually binds to E1 in an alosteric manner

38
Q

PTM

A

protein controls the enzyme by using phosphorylation (covalent modification)
uses threonine, serine, and tyrosine
too much will reduce it

39
Q

substrate cycling

A

highly sensitive and responds to substrate concentration by using fwd and rev at concerted manner so it works in both ways NOT JUST DIRECTIONAL BUT BIDIRECTIONAL

40
Q

what does hexokinase do

A

it uses its divalent ion (mg) and kinase to phosphorylate the glucose on the sixth position and makes it glucose 6 phosphate to make it more unstable and to stay in the cytoplasm

requires energy of =34kj

41
Q

what does mg do in hexokinase process

A

it keeps the gamma and beta neg charges of ATP from interacting so that the hexokinase can take the gamma phosphate away to attach to the glucose sixth position

42
Q

phosphoglucose isomerase

A

turns the aldose glucose6phosphate into the ketose fructose 5 phosphate by first opening glucose ring to fructose and then closing the ring

think of inter as two diff compounds like the aldehyde and the ketone

is in equilib

43
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

this is the rate determining step of glycolysis because once it adds the second phosphate group there is no going back and has about -19kj

process: adds another phosphate group to the fructose 6 phosphate to 1,6 fructosebisphosphate

enhanced by adp
inhib by adp/amp

44
Q

triose phosphate isomerase

A

turns more of the dhap into gap by first using an enolate.
occurs at a very fast rate of ten to the nine
only GAP is moving on to glycolysis

45
Q

triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)

A

turns more of the dhap into gap by first using an enolate.
occurs at a very fast rate of ten to the nine
only GAP is moving on to glycolysis

46
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

A

dephosphorylation of 1 3 BPG into 3 BPG

uses adp to turn into atp

47
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK)

A

dephosphorylation of 1 3 BPG into 3 BPG
uses adp to turn into atp

STILL IN EQUILIB B/C its making ATP

1 3 bPG is used as a phosphate donor to transfer the phosphate group to ATP

48
Q

phosphoglycerate mutase

A

mutase means move some type of group to another part of the molecule

the phosphate is moving from third to second carbon

goes from 3pg to 2pg which his more reactive ecause proximity of neg charge

49
Q

phosphoglycerate mutase (PKM)

A

mutase means move some type of group to another part of the molecule

the phosphate is moving from third to second carbon

goes from 3pg to 2pg which his more reactive ecause proximity of neg charge

50
Q

enolase (ENO)

A

forms enol which is double bond btwn second and third carbon
involves dehydration by removing two h and o
turns 2 phosphoglycerate into phosphenolpyruvate (pep)

done bc product is more llikely to give phosphor group to next step to form atp

51
Q

pyruvate kinase (PK)

A

transfers the phosphate from the phosphate enol pyruvate (2 Pep) to the ATP that will be generated.
the enol turns into the alpha ketopropionate (pyruvate)

uses -23kJ/mol exergonic

52
Q

PFKase stands for

A

phosphor fructo kinase

53
Q

FBPase stands for

A

Fructose biphosphatase which is a hydrolase

54
Q

what happens in the substrate cycling when the muscles are at rest?

A

the arrows are small and equal to each other for the regulation of pfk and inhib of fbk so low flux

55
Q

what happens in the substrate cycling when the muscles are active?

A

pfk arrow is thicker and regulated and the fbk is inhibited bc it needs more of the pfk to be regulated so there is a high flux

56
Q

describe homolactic fermentation

A

occurs in the muscle when o2 is needed
NADH and pyruvate will react with each other to generate more NAD+ and lactate(pyruvate with an h on second carbon)
enzyme: lactate dehydrogenase
too much lactate will cause some of it to go back to pyruvate

57
Q

alcohol fermentatation

A

found in yeast
1. co2 is released
will react with the pyruvate to make acetylaldehyde
enzyme: pyruvate dearboxylation

  1. alcohol dehydrogenase that oxidizes nadh into nad+ to turn the acetyaldehyde to ethanol

Biochemistry 401 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions