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Fall 2015 Nursing School > 314 Exam 3 > Flashcards

314 Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

⬇️ with ⬆️ adipose

Regulates insulin sensitivity

A

Adiponectin

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2
Q

High levels of leptin lead to…

A

Overeating/hyperphagia

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3
Q

Name two proteins associated with insulin resistance

A

Leptin

Adiponectin

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4
Q

This protein expressed by adipocytes acts on the hypothalamus and is involved in satiety/appetite

A

Leprin

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5
Q

5 coexisting metabolic syndrome patholoies

A

Abdominal obesity

Insulin resistance

Hyperglycemia

Hyperlipidemia

Hypertension

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6
Q

Obesity neurological effects

A

Stroke

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7
Q

Obesity cardiovascular effects

A

Many heart and vascular diseases

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8
Q

Obesity respiratory effects

A

Sleep apnea

Decreased ventilation

Pneumonia

Asthma

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9
Q

Obesity orthopedic affects

A

Joints

Immobility

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10
Q

Obesity gastrointestinal affects

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Liver cancer

Gallstones

GERD

Abdominal hernia

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11
Q

Obesity integumentary effects

A

Infection

Wounds

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12
Q

Obesity Genitourinary effects

A 
Infertility 
Low testosterone 
Kidney stones 
BPH
prostate cancer 
Erectile dysfunction 
PCOS
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13
Q

Obesity cancers

A

Breast

Endometrial

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14
Q

Childhood obesity treatment

A

Include all family and caregivers

Begin early-when family is ready

Educate family to monitor eating

Well balanced meals

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15
Q

Immobility ⬇️

A

Circulating neurotransmitters ⬇️ mood, interest, socializing.

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16
Q

Effects of immobility, cardiovascular

A

⬆️cardiac work load
⬆️risk for orthostatic hypotension
⬆️risk for venous thrombosis

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17
Q

Affects of immobility, respiratory

A

⬇️depth of Respiration
⬇️rate of respiration
Pooling of secretions
Impaired gas exchange

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18
Q

Nursing Interventions combating immobility respiratory problems

A

Incentive spirometry

Breathe in nose, out mouth

Turn patient

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19
Q

Effects of immobility, gastrointestinal

A

Disturbance in appetite

Altered protein metabolism

Altered digestion and utilization of nutrients

Decreased peristalsis

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20
Q

Immobility effects, Urinary

A

⬆️Urinary stasis
⬆️Risk for renal calculi
⬇️bladder muscle tone

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21
Q

Effects of immobility, musculoskeletal

A 
⬇️muscle size tone strength
⬇️ joint mobility
Bone demineralization
⬇️endurance 
⬆️contracture risk
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22
Q

Effects of immobility, metabolic

A

⬆️risk for electrolytes imbalance

Altered exchange of nutrients and gases

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23
Q

Effects of immobility, integumentary

A

⬆️ risk for skin breakdown/pressure ulcers

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24
Q

Beginner exercise

A

Walking 10 minutes/3 times/week

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25
Q

Adult Aerobic

A

2.5 hours each week, at leas 10 minutes each time

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26
Q

Strengthening

A

2 days a week

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27
Q

Non beginners

A

5 hours/week

Increase effort

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28
Q

Five or six out of 10 is…

A

Moderate intensity

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29
Q

Seven or eight out of 10 is…

A

Vigorous intensity

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30
Q

What does DASH diet stand for?

A

Dietary approach to stop hypertension

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31
Q

NIH research shows that the dash is also good for…

A

Weight loss

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32
Q

The dash diet cuts…

A

Added sugars

Refined grains

Processed foods

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33
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Liver converts glycogen to glucose

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34
Q

Hormone that causes glycogenolysis

A

Glucagon

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35
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Liver creates new glucose

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36
Q

Type of fat found in the blood

A

Triglyceride

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37
Q

Almost all body cells can use fatty acids interchangeably with glucose for energy except…

A

Brain

Nervous system

RBCs

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38
Q

The liver uses a small amount of fatty acids for its own energy needs and converts the rest into…

A

Ketones

39
Q

These ketones are released into the…

A

Blood stream

40
Q

Amylin
Somatostatin
Gut derived hormones
Conterregulatory

Also regulate…

A

Glucose

41
Q

4 cell types of Islet of Langerhans:

A

Alpha
Beta
Delta
F/PP

42
Q

Alpha cells secrete…

A

Glucagon

43
Q

Beta cells secrete…

A

Insulin

44
Q

Delta cells secrete…

A

Somatostatin

45
Q

F/PP cells secrete…

A

Hormone of unknown function (pancreatic polypeptide)

46
Q

Acini secrete

A

Digestive juices into duodenum

47
Q

True or false:

Insulin increases protein synthesis

A

True

48
Q

Increases transport of aa into the liver

A

Glucagon

49
Q

Inhibits gastric emptying and glucagon secretion

A

Amylin

50
Q

Inhibits release of glucagon and insulin

A

Somatostatin

51
Q

Gut derived hormones

A

Increased insulin secretion after oral nutrient load (incretin effect).

52
Q

Stimulate glycogenolysis in liver

Inhibit insulin release, decreases movement of glucose into muscle cells

Increases breakdown of muscle glycogen stores

A

Catecholamines such as epinephrine

53
Q

Increases protein synthesis in all cells of the body

mobilizes fatty acids from adipose cells

Antagonizes effects of insulin

A

Growth Hormone

54
Q

Stimulates gluconeogenesis

Decreases tissue use of glucose

A

Glucocorticoid hormones

55
Q

Normal glucose levels

A

70-110 mg/dL

56
Q

Name 4 types of diabetes

A

Type 1A
Type 1B
Type 2
Gestational diabetes

57
Q

Prediabetes FPG range (IFG)

A

100-125 mg/dL

58
Q

Prediabetes OGTT range (IGT)

A

140-199mg/dL

59
Q

Prediabetes A1C

A

5.7-6.4%

60
Q

How many hours before FPG?

A

8

61
Q

Involves continuous glucose monitoring via catheter implanted into SQ tissue

A

Capillary blood glucose (CBG) monitoring

62
Q

Index of glucose level for 6 to 12 weeks/2 to 3 months

A

Glycosolated Hemoglobin

63
Q

Autoimmune beta cell destruction

A

1A

64
Q

Unknown cause of beta cell destruction and higher frequency of DKA

A

1B

65
Q

Condition when fatty acids released from liver and converted to ketones

A

DKA

66
Q

Insulin treatment is required for all

A

Type 1A diabetes

67
Q

Increased gluconeogenesis is associated with what type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

68
Q

Theory for insulin resistance in obese people

A

Insulin resistance in obese people caused by increased concentrations of FFA’s

69
Q

FFA’s inhibit

A

Glucose uptake

70
Q

Risk for Gestational diabetes

A 
Fhx of type 2 diabetes 
Glucosuria
Obesity 
PCOS
Hx GDM
Infant large for age
71
Q

Endocrine disorders linked to diabetes

A

Acromegaly

Cushing syndrome

Pheochromocytoma

72
Q

Diuretics can impair beta cell function by

A

Increasing potassium loss

73
Q

Diabetes causes polyphagia because

A

Glucose isn’t entering cells effectively

74
Q

Causes of hypoglycemia

A

Too much insulin

Failure to eat

Increased exercise

Medication changes

75
Q

Ethanol decreases

A

Gluconeogenesis

76
Q

Extreme symptoms of hypoglycemia

A

Coma

Seizure

77
Q

Stimulate insulin at the level of the pancreatic beta cells

A

Insulin secretagogues

78
Q

Inhibits hepatic glucose production and increases sensitivity of insulin

A

Biguanides

79
Q

Block the action of intestinal brush border enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates

A

X-glucosidase inhibitors

80
Q

Only class of drugs that directly target insulin resistance

A

Thiazolidinedones

81
Q

Hormones released into the circulation by the G.I. tract after a meal. They amplify glucose induced release of insulin

A

SGLT2 inhibitors

82
Q

Biguanide contraindications

A

Elevated serum creatine

Liver disease

Hypoxemia

Dehydration

83
Q

Alpha glucosidase can cause hypoglycemia when combined with

A

Sulfronylureas

84
Q

Thiazolidinedone contraindications

A

Class III/IV heart failure

Bone fracture risk

85
Q

4 things that lead to diagnosis of DKA

A

Glucose >250

Low serum bicarbonate

Low arterial pH

Urine and serum ketones

86
Q

Weird thing about DKA

A

Fruity smell

87
Q

DKA treatment

A

Hydration

Insulin

Electrolyte replacement

88
Q

HHS has hyperglycemia >

A

600

89
Q

HHS treatment

A

Hydration

Potassium replacement

90
Q

Which is more severe, HHS OR DKA?

A

HHS

91
Q

Angiotensin II raises arterial pressure via

A

Aldosterone

Sodium retention

Vasoconstriction

92
Q

Parasympathetic to heart via

A

Vagus Nerve

93
Q

Sympathetic to heart via

A

Spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Fall 2015 Nursing School (17 decks)

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