314 Exam 2 Flashcards
Na+
135-145 mEq/L
Regulates acid base balance via NaHCO3
Deficit of Na+ in the ECF
Cells swell Dry skin Hypotension Confusion Cerebral edema Muscle cramps Lethargy Headache Coma Seizures
Excess of Na+ in ECF
Restlessness Delusion Confusion Hallucination Weakness
K+ range
3.5-5mEq/L
Hypokalemia ASIC WALT
Alkalosis
Shallow Respirations
Irritability
Confusion
Weakness
Arrhythmia
Lethargy
Thready pulse
ASIC WALT also has
Decreased intestinal motility.
Resulting in:
Nausea
Vomiting
Ileus
Hyperkalemia MURDER
Muscle weakness Urine oliguria/anuria Respiratory distress Decreased cardiac contractility EKG change Reflexes
What is the most abundant electrolyte in the body?
Ca+2
99% of the calcium is stored in
The bones
What percent of calcium is stored in the ECF?
.1%
Calcium has a role in …
Blood coagulation
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction
Ca+2 range
8.6-10.2 mg/dL
Mg+2 (3 points)
Required for cellular energy
Used in active transport of ions
Needed for transcription and translation
Mg+2 range
1.3-2.1 mg/dL
P+2 range
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
Which element is necessary for oxygen delivery by RBCs and normal function of the platelets and white blood cells?
Phosphorus
What is Sevelamer?
Phosphate binder
Chloride is important because…
It helps maintain neutrality
Chloride range
96–106 mEq/L
Mild SIADH
Fluid restriction
Diuretics
Severe SIADH
Hypertonic 3% NS
Consumer Health Informatics
Use of electronic information and communication to improve medical outcomes and healthcare decision-making from the patients/consumer perspective.
Health Literacy
The degree to which individuals can obtain, process and understand the basic health information and services they need to make appropriate health decisions.
Web 1.0
Read only web which allows users to search and read information but not contribute to the content.
Web 2.0
Interactive web
Web 3.0
Semantic futuristic web via multi media applications tailored content to meet individual needs.
Virtual healthcare
Entire combination of EHR and telehealth
Rank PHR from least to most open
Untethered/standalone
Tethered/portal
Network
Regulatory Cells
Control immune response
T helper cells
T suppressor cells
Antigen presenting cells
Effector cells
Carry out attack in antigen
T cytotoxic killer cells
B cells
Leukocytes
Antigen presenting cells
Tell the immune system what to attack
B cells mature in the
Bone marrow
T cells mature in the
Thymus
After T cells and B cells mature, they migrate to
Lymph nodes
TH1 does what?
Stimulates cytotoxic T cells and other phagocytic cells to attack the antigen
TH2 does what?
Stimulate the B cells to create anti-bodies against the antigen.
TH cells release…
Cytokines
Cytokine roles
Inflammatory response
Growth factor
Cell communication
Rises during the acute phase, then falls
IgM
Remains elevated after the acute phase
IgG
Primary immune response
Macrophage/antigen presenting cell to the HT
HT activates B cell
B cells produce antibodies
Secondary immune response
B cells immediately produce antibodies
What type of immune response is a vaccination?
Primary
What type of immune response is a booster shot?
Secondary
Innate immunity aka
Nonspecific immunity
Adaptive immunity aka
Specific immunity
Four types of acquired/adaptive immunity
Natural active
Natural passive
Artificial active
Artificial passive
Mycoplasma, rickettsia chlamydia
Smaller than bacteria
No cell wall
Must live inside cell
Why are most fungal infections on the body surface?
Because most require a cooler temperature
Parasites
Protozoa
Helminth
Arthropods
