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Hematology and Immunology > 3.13 Innate and Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

3.13 Innate and Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four mechanisms of innate immunity?

A
  1. Pattern recognition
  2. Leukocyte recruitment
  3. Phagocytosis
  4. Complement activation
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2
Q

___ are receptors of the innate immunity that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns on pathogens

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

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3
Q

T/F. The molecular pattern targeted by the PRR is produced only by the pathogen and never by the host

A

True

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4
Q

PAMPs are recognized by which immunity system?

A

Innate system

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5
Q

T/F. PAMPs are merely recognition sites for PRRs. They are not significant for the survival of microbes.

A

False. They are important for integrity and survival of microbes

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6
Q

Membrane spanning proteins that contain repeating segments of 24 to 29 amino acids containing leucine-rich repeats to their extracellular region

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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7
Q

What is the function of TLRs?

A

To recognize specific PAMPs

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8
Q

T/F. TLRs can be found in the outer and inner part of the cells.

A

True. TLRs for extracellular ligands are found on the surface (1,2,3,5,6), while TLRs for intracellular ligands are localized in intracellular component (3,7,8,9)

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9
Q

Process wherein leukocytes adhere to endothelial cells in affected regions and pass through the walls of capillaries and into the tissue spaces to migrate to the site of infection

A

leukocyte recruitment

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10
Q

Three steps of Leukocyte recruitment. Describe each.

A
  1. Rolling
  2. Binding
  3. Transmigration
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11
Q

The rolling step in leukocyte recruitment is mediated by what?

A

Selectin; attract leukocytes to site of infection

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12
Q

What happens during binding?

A

Integrins will be produced; leukocytes start to attach to basement membrane

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13
Q

What happens during transmigration?

A

Guided by chemokines, leukocytes go out of the blood vessel towards the tissue

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14
Q

Energy-dependent mechanism that involves the binding of phagosomes with lysosomes; this is also accompanied by other leukocytes in a multipronged attack

A

Phagocytosis

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15
Q

Phagocytosis employs

a) oxidative attack
b) nonoxidative attack
c) both
d) neither

A

C.

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16
Q

Oxidative attack involves __ and __

A

Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species

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17
Q

What generates ROS?

A

NADPH phagosome oxidase

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18
Q

A process wherein the oxygen consumed by phagocytes to support ROS production is provided by increasing the oxygen uptake of the cell several-fold

A

Respiratory burst

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19
Q

Four features of innate immune system

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Non-clonal distribution of receptors
  3. Discrimination of self and non-self
  4. Use of soluble recognition molecules
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20
Q

How is the specificity of the innate immunity dictated?

A

Encoded in the germline

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21
Q

Two kinds of anti-microbial peptides from the barriers

A
  1. Defensins

2. Cathelicidins

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22
Q

Where are defensins synthesized?

A

epithelial cells of the mucosa and granule containing leukocytes

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23
Q

Functions of defensins

A

direct toxicity

activate pathways of inflammation

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24
Q

Where do cathelicidins come from?

A

neutrophils and epithelial barriers; injury in epithelial cells causes an increase in the production of cathelicidins

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25
Q

Function of cathelicidins

A

Direct toxicity

Leukocyte activation

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26
Q

Specialized cells found in some linings of the body (GI) that helps one check fro intestinal infections

A

Intraepithelial lymphocytes

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27
Q

Two cellular components of the innate immune system

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

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28
Q

Subset of B cells that produces phosphorylcholine and LPS IgM specific antibodies

A

B1 subset of B cells

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29
Q

Four kinds of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes/macrophages
NK cells
Dendritic cells

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30
Q

Usually the first to respond; can mediate any kind of infection, by releasing specific granules or enzymes released

A

Neutrophils

31
Q

Azurophilic granules contain __ and __

A

defensins and cathelicidins

32
Q

Specific granules contain __, __ and __

A

elastase, colleganase, lysozyme

33
Q

T/F. Enzymes can dictate which kinds of infection the neutrophil can mediate earliest.

A

True

34
Q

Phagocyte that can recognize infected and/or stressed cells; stimulates the maturation of the dendritic cells

A

NK cells

35
Q

Two cytokines produced by NK cells

A

interferon gamma

tumor necrosis factor alpha

36
Q

What is the function of interferon gamma?

A

mediator of macrophage activation and regulator of TH cell development

37
Q

T/F. MHC Class I is normally present in healthy uninfected cells.

A

True

38
Q

T/F. There are more MHC Class I in stressed cells.

A

False. They are reduced or absent in stressed cells.

39
Q

Considered as early cellular responders to viral infection and they produce interleukin

A

Dendritic cells

40
Q

Where are circulating effector proteins produced?

A

Liver

41
Q

What are the functions of circulating effector proteins?

A

Recognition of bacteria and fungi; apoptotic cells; phosphorylcholine and phosphodiethanolamin in pathogens
causes opsonization and complement activation

42
Q

Requirement for complement system to act

A

sequential proteolysis of proteins

43
Q

3 pathways for activation of the complement pathway

A

classical
alternative
mannose binding

44
Q

The classical pathway is triggered by

A

the activation of C1 complex

45
Q

What composes the C1 complex, and what does it need to bind to in order for it to work?

A

C1q, C1r, C1s (proteases)

binding to two antibodies

46
Q

What activated the alternative pathway?

A

Surface of the microbe

47
Q

What are the 4 serum proteins involved in the alternative pathway?

A

C3, factor B, factor D, properdin

48
Q

Proteins that recognize and bind to specific carbohydrate targets to their mannose residues

A

Lectins

49
Q

T/F. The lectin/mannose binding lectin (MBL) pathway depends on antibodies for its activation

A

False

50
Q

T/F. The MBL pathway, being a mannose binding lectin pathway, naturally ONLY activates during the binding to the mannose found on the surface of foreign cells.

A

False. MBL pathway also recognizes oligosaccharides thatare present in bacteria and yeast; fucose, glucose, acetylglocosamine present in parasites

51
Q

Where the three complement pathways converge

A

Formation of the membrane attack complex

52
Q

The formation of MAC involves which complement proteins?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, C9

53
Q

The formation of MAC culminates in the formation of __ that produces __ and __.

A

C5 convertase
C5a
C5b

54
Q

What binds to the surface of the target cell and provides a binding site for the subsequent components of the MAC?

A

C5b fragment from C5 convertase

55
Q

The formation of MAC ultimately leads to the formation of a __ that changes the __ of the cell

A

formation of a PORE
that changes the OSMOLARITY of the cell
this eventually leads to cell lysis

56
Q

A molecule that binds to both antigen and phagocyte thereby enhancing phagocytosis

A

Opsonin

57
Q

What is the major opsonin of the complement system?

A

C3b

58
Q

What are the four regulators of the complement system?

A

C1 inhibitor
Decay-accelerating factor
Factor I
CD59

59
Q

What does the C1 inhibitor do?

A

C1 will bind to C1r and C1s, rendering C1q useless

60
Q

What does DAF do?

A

Inhibits the coupling of C2b and C4b, thereby stopping the formation of C3 convertase

61
Q

What does Factor I do?

A

Inhibits formation of C3 convertase by binding to C3b to render it inactive

62
Q

What does CD59 do?

A

Binds to C5b and inhibit formation of MAC

63
Q

What are the two signals that activate lymphocytes?

A
  1. Innate immune response to microbe attaching to an antigen receptor
  2. Induction of molecules in the innate response or stimulators
64
Q

Characteristic of certain lymphocytes prefer to go to certain areas of the body where they are needed

A

Homing

65
Q

Mechanism present in TH1 differentiation that drives the differentiation towards the TH1 phenotype

A

Positive amplification loop

66
Q

Function of TH1

A

Phagocyte-mediated defense against infections through macrophage activation, complement binding and opsonizing antibodies and neutrophil activation

67
Q

When does IL-4 activate transcription factor STAT6?

A

In response to microbes and antigens that cause persistent or repeated T-cell stimulation with little inflammation or macrophage activation

68
Q

What is the master regulator of TH2 differentiation? What induces its expression? It enhances the expression of which cytokine genes?

A

GATA3
STAT6 and TCR
IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

69
Q

GATA3 inhibits TH1 differentiation by:

A

inhibiting expression of the signaling chain of the IL-12 receptor

70
Q

Function of TH2:

A

Promote IgE and eosinophil/mast cell-mediated immune reactions to protect against helminthic infections

71
Q

Serine proteases that cleave proteins at aspartate residues

A

Granzymes

72
Q

Facilitates delivery of granzymes into the cytosol of the target cell

A

Perforin

73
Q

Assembles granzyme-perforin complex

A

Serglycin

74
Q

IFN-Y can also stimulate which immunoglobulin?

A

IgG

Hematology and Immunology (11 decks)

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