3.11 Intro to Immunology

Question 1

Defense mechanism that is already in place even before the infection of microbes

Answer 1

Innate immunity

Question 2

T/F. The innate immunity ONLY reacts to microbes and products of injured cells

Answer 2

True

Question 3

T/F. The innate immunity responds better in subsequent infections, hence it’s efficiency.

Answer 3

False. It responds in essentially in the same way to repeated infection

Question 4

T/F. For the products of injured cells, the components of the innate immunity can recognize molecules that are products of damaged cells that dies by apoptosis.

Answer 4

False. They should not have dies via apoptosis, but rather from stress, trauma, etc

Question 5

Four components of the innate pathway

Answer 5

1. physical and chemical barriers
2. phagocytic cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells
3. blood proteins
4. proteins that coordinate and regulate activities

Question 6

Why is the adaptive immunity also called specific and acquired immunity?

Answer 6

Specific - distinguishes different and even closely related microbes and molecules
Acquired - developed responses adapt to infection

Question 7

Foreign substances that induce specific immune responses, are recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies

Answer 7

antigens

Question 8

Components of the adaptive pathway

Answer 8

lymphocytes and their secreted products

Question 9

What are the two kinds of adaptive immunity response?

Answer 9

Humoral and cell-mediated

Question 10

What mediates humoral immunity?

Answer 10

antibodies produced by plasma B cells

Question 11

Three functions of the humoral immunity

Answer 11

1. recognize microbial antigens
2. neutralize the infectivity of microbes
3. target microbes for elimination

Question 12

What mediates adaptive immunity?

Answer 12

T lymphocytes (helper and cytotoxic)

Question 13

Primary defense mechanism against
(extracellular/intracellular)
humoral : ___ :: adaptive : ___

Answer 13

humoral : extracellular :: adaptive : intracellular

Question 14

What are the 7 cardinal features of adaptive immune responses?

Answer 14

specificity
diversity
memory
clonal expansion
specialization
contraction and homeostasis
non-reactivity to self

Question 15

Parts of the antigen specifically recognized by lymphocytes

Answer 15

Epitopes/determinants

Question 16

What kind of cells in cell-mediated immunity enables a larger and faster antibody response upon repeated exposure to antigen?

Answer 16

Memory B and T cell

Question 17

Cardinal feature of adaptive immunity that pertains to the generation of optimal responses for defense against different types of microbes

Answer 17

Specialization

Question 18

What generally causes clonal expansion?

Answer 18

Stimulation by exposure to an antigen and activation of the lymphocyte

Question 19

These specifically recognize and respond to antigens

Answer 19

Lymphocytes

Question 20

T/F. Both B cells and T cells can differentiate into memory cells.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

The only cells capable of producing antibodies

Answer 21

B lymphocytes (plasma cells)

Question 22

These are the mediators of humoral immunity

Answer 22

B lymphocytes

Question 23

How should foreign proteins be presented so that the T lymphocytes would be able to recognize them?

Answer 23

Foreign peptide must be BOUND to major histocompatibility complex

Question 24

Populations classified under T lymphocytes

Answer 24

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
regulatory T cells
NK cells

Question 25

Lymphocyte that secretes cytokines that helps in the proliferation of more T cells and activation of others

Answer 25

Helper T cells

Question 26

Lymphocytes that recognize antigens and directly kill it

Answer 26

Cytotoxic T cells

Question 27

Lymphocytes that inhibit immune response; important for self-tolerance

Answer 27

Regulatory T cells

Question 28

This lymphocyte can be part of both the innate and the adaptive immunity; it kills infected cells by direct killing

Answer 28

NK cells

Question 29

These capture and display antigens to naive T lymphocytes; what are the two kinds?

Answer 29

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs); dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 30

Cellular component of adaptive immunity that mediate the final effect of the immune response to eliminate the microbe

Answer 30

Effector Cells

Question 31

What composes the Effector cells (3)?

Answer 31

T lymphocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, leukocytes

Question 32

Heterogenous group of proteins that mediate and regulate all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 32

Cytokines

Question 33

What initiates the synthesis of cytokines?

Answer 33

New gene transcription as a result of cellular activation; once synthesized, they are rapidly secreted

Question 34

Two main types of reactions in the early innate immune response

Answer 34

Inflammation and anti-viral defense

Question 35

Type of reaction in early innate immune response that is cytokine-mediated

Answer 35

Anti-viral defense

Question 36

When microbes are able to enter the blood during early innate immune response, they are recognized by the ____.

Answer 36

Alternative pathway of the complement system

Question 37

What basically happens in alternative pathway of the complement system?

Answer 37

mediation of inflammatory response;

coating of microbes for enhances phagocytosis, followed by direct lysing of microbes

Question 38

3 main strategies to combat most microbes

Answer 38

1. antibodies bind to extracellular microbes
2. phagocytes ingest microbes and kill them
3. cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells

Question 39

Five steps in the adaptive immune response

Answer 39

1. antigen recognition
2. lymphocyte activation
3. antigen elimination
4. contraction (homeostasis)
5. immunologic memory

Question 40

This component carries out the capture of microbes, concentration of their antigens and the delivery of the antigens to specific lymphocytes

Answer 40

antigen-presenting cells

Question 41

Hypothesis where lymphocytes specific for a large number of antigens exist before exposure to the antigens

Answer 41

Clonal selection hypothesis