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Hematology and Immunology > 3.02 Histology > Flashcards

3.02 Histology Flashcards

1
Q

How many liters of blood does a human being have?

A

5 liters

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2
Q

Aggregation of similar tissues in a matrix

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

4 blood components:

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
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4
Q

Red blood cells have a high affinity for the dye __, hence they are called __. They can also be described as __.

A

eosin; eosinophilia; acidophilic

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5
Q

Blood component that dyes salmon pink/lilac

A

Neutrophilia

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6
Q

Blood cell that has an affinity for basic dye methylene blue

A

Basophilia

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7
Q

This blood cell’s DNA is in the nuclei, and the RNA in its cytoplasm

A

Basophilia

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8
Q

Blood cells that have an affinity for blue dyes

A

Azuraphilia

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9
Q

Azure dyes are typical of __

A

Lysosomes

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10
Q

Main function of erythrocytes

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide transport

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11
Q

Why are red blood cells biconcave?

A

to increase the ratio of surface area to volume of the cell; this increases the transport efficiency of red blood cells

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12
Q

What are the two factors that account for why RBCs are biconcave?

A

Proteins and water content

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13
Q

What is the main protein responsible for the shape of an RBC?

A

Spectrin

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14
Q

What determines the water content of a cell?

A

Number of solutes

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15
Q

T/F. RBCs have no nuclei, but they contain organelles.

A

False. RBCs have neither nuclei nor organelles.

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16
Q

Premature form of RBCs

A

Reticulocytes

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17
Q

T/F. All RBCs have no nuclei.

A

True. Reticulocytes have no nuclei, but have nuclear material.

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18
Q

What is/are the clinical important of Reticulocytes?

A

-serve as guides in showing how well the bone marrow is producing RBCs

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19
Q

Antigens are found in the surface of which blood cells?

A

RBCs

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20
Q

Reticulocytes lose what kind of dye affinity after 24 hours in circulation; this means that they lose affinity for (acidic/basic) dyes because they lose their __.

A

basophilia; basic; nuclear material

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21
Q

There is a normal range of __ - __ platelets were cubic millimeter of blood

A

150,000-450,000

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22
Q

Formation of plug so that blood will not escape the endothelial lining

A

platelet adhesion

23
Q

Stage of clotting where platelets start to clump together

A

platelet aggregation

24
Q

peripheral zone : 1. ___ :: central zone : 2. ___

A
  1. hyalomere

2. granulomere

25
Q

What are the two classifications of white blood cells, and which WBCs are classified under each of them?

A
  • Granular (polymorphonuclear)
    1. Neutrophils
    2. Eosinophils
    3. Basophils
  • Non-granular (mononuclear)
    1. Lymphocytes
    2. Monocytes
26
Q

These are the only formed elements that are complete cells, with nuclei and usual organelles

A

Leukocytes

27
Q

There are __ - __ WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

A

4,800-10,800

28
Q
  1. Formed element that is characterized by its several lobes. 2. The more lobes there are, the (older/younger) the formed element.
A
  1. Neutrophil

2. older

29
Q

Kinds of granules of granulocytes and their functions

A
  1. specific - involved in non-enzymatic antibacterial activity
  2. azurophilic - correspond to lysosomes, rich in enzymes, first to appear
30
Q

What other enzymes are present in neutrophils?

A

Gelatinase, there are also secretory granules

31
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

fight bacterial infection

32
Q

What do drumsticks show?

A

an inactive X chromosome

33
Q

Which blood elements stay intravascular?

A

RBCs and platelets

34
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

process as to how WBCs exit cells through capillaries

35
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

process when neutrophils move to an area where the bacteria are; homing in on inflammatory chemicals/chemotactic agents

36
Q

T/F. Neutrophils die after they have completed their ‘mission’

A

True. The pus produced in wounds is dead neutrophil

37
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils? (number of lobes, trademark color, function and location)

A

bilobed; pink-stained; associated with parasitism and allergies; mainly found in tissues exposed to allergens (GI tract, respiratory, spleen)

38
Q

What are the characteristics of basophils? (lobes, differentiated from eosinophils, affinity of granule to particular dyes)

A

bilobed like eosinophils but have darker granules; basophilic, sometimes considered metachromatic

39
Q

Two substances contained in granules of basophils and their functions

A
  1. heparin - anticoagulant

2. histamine - allergic reactions

40
Q

The only WBC that returns to blood

A

Lymphocyte

41
Q

Characteristics of lymphocytes (nucleus staining, abundance, granules)

A

darkly stained nucleus, second most abundant WBC, cytoplasm does not have discrete granules unlike neutrophils

42
Q

Classifications of Lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells

43
Q

Describe T cells

A

After production in bone marrow, goes to the thymus; helps in recognition and destruction of foreign agents; uses lymphokines to to signal B cells

44
Q

Describe B cells

A

After production in bone marrow, goes directly to the blood; produces immunoglobulins

45
Q

Substance used by T cells to communicate with B cells

A

Lymphokines

46
Q

Largest of the WBCs

A

Monocytes

47
Q

WBC with notched nucleus, cytoplasm relatively free of granules

A

Monocytes

48
Q

Main function of Monocytes?

A

Ingest cellular debris and older cells that need to be cleaned our of the system

49
Q

What do you call monocytes that have migrated through the vessel walls and are now in the periphery?

A

Tissue macrophages

50
Q

Fluid component of blood

A

Plasma

51
Q

What are the plasma proteins? What are their functions?

A

Albumin: prevents regression of fluids out of the vessels
Globulins: mainly for immune response
Fibrinogen: clotting
Complement: immune response

52
Q

What is the main function of blood plasma?

A

Colloidal pressure: maintain the balance between intravascular volume and cellular fluid

53
Q

Plasma without the proteins is called __.

A

Serum

Hematology and Immunology (11 decks)

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