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Geography iGCSE > 3.1 - Development > Flashcards

3.1 - Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Development

A

The progress that a country makes to improve the quality of life for its population and make the country more independent

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2
Q

What factors influence quality of life? (4)

A
  • Physical - Water supply, housing, power and heat, climate, diet and nutrition etc
  • Social - Family and friends, education, health etc.
  • Psychological - Happiness, security, freedom etc.
  • Economic - Income, job security, standard of living, mobility etc
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3
Q

What events can slow or halt development? (4)

A
  • Economic recession
  • Disease
  • War/Conflict
  • Disaster
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4
Q

Recession

A

A period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, this usually results in a decrease in GDP

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5
Q

Brandt line

A

Brandt Lineis an imaginary line that has provided a rough way of dividing all of the countries in the world in to rich north & poor south.
* the creator, Willy Brandt, used only GDP to form this line

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6
Q

Why might the Brandt Line no longer be relevant today?

A

Many countries in the poor south have become more developed since the 1980s
* e.g. some countries that are considered to be ‘developing’ have experienced rapid growth (especially in manufacturing and tertiary industries) in recent years
* these are called newly industrialised countries (such as China, Brazil, Mexico)

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7
Q

Cycle of Wealth

A

A cycle which epitomizes the relationship of the flow of money and a person’s life. It is a precise and simple way to look at your entire financial life and quickly figure out your position and make investment decisions.

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8
Q

Access to safe water

A

The percentage of people who have access to safe, clean water.

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9
Q

Birth rate

A

The number of live births per 1,000 people. Birth rates are often high in a less developed country.

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10
Q

Death rate

A

The number of deaths per 1,000 people. High death rates can indicate a less developed country.

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11
Q

GNI per capita

A

Gross national income per person. The value of a country’s income, divided by the number of people in that country.

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12
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

The number of babies who don’t survive to the age of 1 per 1,000 live births.

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13
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average age that a person may live to.

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14
Q

Literacy rate

A

The percentage of adults who can read and write.

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15
Q

People per doctor

A

A ratio to show the number of people per doctor. A lower ratio can indicate a richer country.

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16
Q

Human development index

A

It measures average life expectancy, level of education and income for each country in the world. Each country is given a score between 0 and 1 - the closer a country gets to 1, the more developed it is.

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17
Q

Purchasing Power Parity

A

Measures how much you would have to spend/be payed in one country to affod the same products and services in another.

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18
Q

What does GDP (per capita) fail to identify in a country’s development?

A
  • How wealth is distributed around a country - the wealth gap
  • Government investment in the country
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19
Q

What factors does HDI take into account? (3)

A
  • Education index
  • Income index
  • Healthcare incdex
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20
Q

What indicators does HDI take into account? (4)

A
  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
  • Expected years of schooling for children at school entering the age
  • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (PPP$)
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21
Q

What four groups can countries be divided into by the HDI?

A
  1. Very High Human Development (VHHD)
  2. High Human Development (HHD)
  3. Medium Human Development (MHD)
  4. Low Human Development (LHD)
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22
Q

Gini coefficient index

A

The Gini coefficient index is used to analyse the distribution of wealth and identify countries where wealth distribution is the most unequal
* Measured on a scale of 0 - 1.0 or as a percentage
* A low value means that the distribution of wealth is more equal - a measurement of 0 would mean that wealth is distributed completely equally
* A high value means the distribution of wealth is unequal - a measurement of 1 would indicate maximum inequality
* The Gini coefficient index is usually between 0.24 and 0.63 or 24%-63%

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23
Q

Political corruption

A

It means money is often not invested in infrastructure, development and human welfare but goes to wealthy individuals
* It leads to a lack of trust between local/national governments and the population

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24
Q

Transparency International

A

A German registered organisation which scores 180 countries around the world out of 100 based on the levels of public sector corruption

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25
Q

The Development Continuum definitions

A

A model that suggests that all counties will move through the different stages of development over time and therefore in the future all countries should become developed.

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26
Q

The Development Continuum

A
  1. Least Developed Countries (LDCs)
  2. Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs)
  3. Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs)
  4. More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs)
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27
Q

Development Gap

A

The difference in levels of development between the least developed and most developed countries in the world

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28
Q

Factors leading to development inequalities (6)

A
  • Food and water security
  • Economic
  • Technological
  • Demographic (social and cultural)
  • Governmental
  • Resources
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29
Q

How does physical geography contribute to development inequalities? (name 3)

A
  • Landlocked countries find trade more difficult and so often develop more slowly
  • Small countries develop more slowly due to have fewer human and natural resources
  • Those countries with extreme climates develop more slowly
  • The physical geography also impacts on the natural resources available
    * with more and better use of natural resources a country can develop more quickly
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30
Q

How does demography contribute to development inequalities? (2)

A
  • The birth and death rates, as well as immigration, affect the available workforce
  • Those countries where birth rates have fallen the most, show the highest rates of growth
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31
Q

How does technology contribute to development inequalities? (3)

A
  • Can help to increase water, food and energy security
  • Mechanisation of farming increases yields and improved land surveying may reveal more energy sources
  • Technology can also mean that existing resources are used more efficiently
32
Q

How do social factors contribute to development inequalities? (3)

A
  • Levels of education affect the skills people have. The more educated a population is the more a country will develop
  • Healthcare affects how well people are which affects their ability to work
  • Lack of equality can mean that the overall productivity of a country is affected
33
Q

How do government policies contribute to development inequalities? (3)

A
  • The stability and effectiveness of government can have a significant impact on development and human welfare
  • Development and human welfare are greatest where there is a democratically elected government
  • Corrupt governments do not invest in the country’s development or in improving the quality of life for the population
34
Q

The three stages of regional inequality

A
  1. Pre-industrial stage - regional differences are at their lowest
  2. Period of rapid economic growth - increasing regional differences
  3. Regional economic convergence - where wealth from the core spreads to other parts of the country
34
Q

The process of cumulative causation

A
  1. Growth in the core region attracts skilled labour and capital
  2. Areas in the periphery suffer as skilled labour leaves and investment is focussed on the core
  3. The gap between the core and the periphery grows
  4. Eventually the growth of the core region may stimulate growth in the periphery due to the demand for raw materials
35
Q

Causes of regional inequalities (5)

A
  • Residence
  • Ethnicity
  • Employment
  • Education
  • Land ownership
36
Q

How does residence cause regional inequality?

A

Urban areas generally attract greater levels of investment leading to increased business and incomes whilst rural areas become abandoned

37
Q

me

How does ethnicity cause regional inequality?

A

Discrimination can result in ethnic groups having income levels significantly below the dominant groups within a country. This reduces the opportunities open to these groups

38
Q

How does employment cause regional inequality?

A

The split between formal and informal employment impacts incomes. Formal jobs usually have higher incomes and greater benefits, such as holidays and sick pay

39
Q

How does education cause regional inequality?

A

Those with higher levels of education usually gain higher paying employment

40
Q

How does land ownership cause regional inequality?

A

Inequalities in land ownership are strongly linked to inequalities in income

41
Q

Economic activity

A

The production, purchase or selling of goods and services

42
Q

Primary economic activities

A

The growth or extraction of raw materials
* e.g. mining, farming, fishing etc.

43
Q

Secondary economic activities

A

Where materials are processed to produce a finished product
* e.g. factory workers, clothing, steel production

44
Q

Tertiary economic activity

A

The provision of a service
* e.g. nurses, lawyers, teachers etc.

45
Q

Quaternary economic activity

A

Provision of special information/knowledge
* e.g. hi-tech scientists, research and development

46
Q

Industrial structure

A

The percentage of jobs in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary industries
* Changing the balance between these four sectors of industry can help a country to develop.

47
Q

Reasons for the change in percentages employed in each economic sector

A
  • Increasing mechanisation in agriculture led to a decrease in the jobs available
  • People moved to urban areas to find jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
  • Increasing mechanisation and global changes led to a decrease in secondary employment in some countries
  • Technological improvements have led to an increase in tertiary and quaternary employment
48
Q

Pre-industrial employment structure in UK

A

Mostly in the primary sector

49
Q

Industrial employment structure in the UK

A

Mostly in the secondary sector

50
Q

Post-industrial employment structure in the UK

A

Mostly in the tertiary sector and some quaternary

51
Q

Globalisation

A

It is the way ideas, culture, lifestyles, goods and services are spreading around the world more quickly, easily and cheaply.
It is where the world has become more interconnected through the processes of economics, culture, politics, trade and tourism

52
Q

Interdependence

A

Is how different countries (including rich MEDC and poor LEDC countries) rely on each other for development usually through trade and industry.

53
Q

Time-space compression

A

Where places seem closer together and more interconnected due to improvements in transport and communication technologies
* the time and distance to do something is shortened and appears instantaneous (e.g. ordering foreign products online)

54
Q

What are the three qualities of modern global connections?

A
  1. Faster - faster speeds for talking, buying, travelling
  2. Deeper - connections with further/remote places
  3. Longer - connecting links between places are further apart
55
Q

Causes of globalisation (5)

A
  1. Improved Communication
  2. Free trade agreements – promoting global trade to increase profits
  3. Improved Transport
  4. Growth of TNCs
  5. Labour availability and skills
56
Q

How has improved communications lead to globalisation?

A

the internet and mobile technology have allowed greater communication between people in different countries

57
Q

How have free trade agreements lead to globalisation?

A

organisations like the World Trade Organisation (WTO) promote free trade between countries, which help to remove barriers between countries

58
Q

How has improved transport lead to globalisation?

A

Larger cargo ships mean that the cost of transporting goods between countries has decreased
* Economies of scale mean the cost per item can reduce when operating on a larger scale. Transport improvements also mean that goods and people can travel more quickly.

59
Q

How have TNCs lead to globalisation?

A

TNCs operate across national barriers creating opportunities and taking advantage of local conditions and industry to maximise production and minimize costs.
* This contributes to links between countries and access to ‘global products’.

60
Q

How has the availability of labour and skills lead to globalisation?

A

Countries such as India have lower labour costs (about a third of that of the UK) and also high skill levels. Labour intensive industries such as clothing can take advantage of cheaper labour costs and reduced legal restrictions in LEDCs.

61
Q

How has globalisation benefited people on a local scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Cheaper products available for people
  • Greater choice of goods
  • Bigger export market for domestic manufacturers
  • Integration of cultures - multi-culture
  • Education and skills are improved
  • More freedom of movement
  • Spread of technology and innovation
  • A higher standard of living
  • Availability of housing, sanitation, food and water is better
  • Gender equality and gender pay gap closing in developed countries
62
Q

How has globalisation disadvantaged people on a local scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Small local businesses cannot compete with global companies
  • Labour drain - skilled workers migrate elsewhere leaving unskilled or no workers behind
  • Dependence on single TNC employment
  • Worker exploitation/cheap labour
  • Closure of TNC leaves high unemployment rates
  • Cultural dilution or loss of cultural identity
  • Environmental cost of increased production, trade and growth
  • Pollution impacts the health of people
  • Daily living costs increased
63
Q

How has globalisation benefited people on a national scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Higher levels of incoming revenue from tourism, exports and imports
  • Growth of improved health care, infrastructure, social care and education
  • Social mobility is greater - access to higher education and senior leadership roles
  • TNC offer apprenticeships and incentives for progression
64
Q

How has globalisation disadvantaged people on a national scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Increased levels of disparity between places - some towns and cities will benefit more from government policies
  • Social mobility is limited to urban areas, people in rural areas need to migrate
  • TNCs control a large labour force and can ‘black list’ workers, effectively preventing people from working elsewhere
  • Industrial growth impacts the environment - burning fossil fuels adds to global warming and pollution
  • Growth of urban slums
65
Q

How has globalisation benefited people on an international scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Skilled workers are in demand and can move relatively easily between countries
  • Higher levels of income and quality of life
  • Access to wide levels of skills and research
  • International trade routes and foreign investment improves opportunities
  • People are more aware of global issues and their consequences such as deforestation and global warming
66
Q

How has globalisation disadvantages people on an international scale? (name and explain 3)

A
  • Movement of people, transport ownership and loss of biodiversity increases globally
  • The impact is greater on developing countries, particularly remote rural areas, increasing the development gap
  • Decisions made elsewhere do not consider local or national identities
  • The movement of skilled workers and researchers leaves an imbalance in developing and emerging countries, reducing the potential for further development unless they pay higher wages, leading to higher global costs
67
Q

How has globalisation benefit countries? (name and explain 4)

A
  • TNCs bring skills, opportunities, money and technology to developing and emerging countries
  • Inward investment to host countries increase the level development
  • Host country’s infrastructure is improved by TNC or for TNC - access, communications, energy supplies etc.
  • TNCs create jobs, allowing people to buy more and pay more tax
  • Foreign currency is earned through exports
  • TNCs have a multiplier effect through encouraging other industries to grow up around them
68
Q

How has globalisation disadvantaged countries? (name and explain 4)

A
  • TNCs pay low wages and expect long hours and are generally exploitive, particularly of female workers
  • TNCs are powerful and are not loyal to a host country’s government - investment can disappear as quickly as it came
  • TNCs can leave a country if global or local economies change or somewhere else becomes more profitable
  • Profits ‘leak’ out of the host country either to open up new business elsewhere or are paid in bonuses and dividends to share holders
  • TNCs often ignore the environmental and social costs of their investment
  • TNC jobs are often boring, repetitive and don’t develop skills - effectively trapping their workers in the company
69
Q

Trans National Company

A

A Trans National Corporation (TNC) is a company that has operations (factories, offices, research and development, shops) in more than one country.
* Often TNCs have their headquarters and areas of research, development and product innovation in the country they start in, and manufacturing and factories in other countries

70
Q

Advantages of TNCs (name 4)

A
  • Their presence in a country improves roads, airports and services
  • TNCs invest in the economies of developing countries and improve standards of living
  • They have bought stability to some countries (such as China)
  • They provide a large degree of consumer choice and so allow access to the needs and wants of people
  • They provide job opportunities to people in LEDCs and therefore lower unemployment rate
71
Q

Disadvantages of TNCs (name 4)

A
  • Exploit cheap labour and provide low wages
  • Profits don’t generally remain in the country where the goods are manufactured
  • Not loyal to their host country and may move
  • Because they are transnational they can avoid paying full taxes in the countries where they operate
  • Are responsible for massive environmental degradation
  • Their products are consumed in almost every country in the world therefore they destroy authenticity and culture
  • In factories, unions are banned, helath and safety is poor and wages are low
72
Q

Why do TNCs operate in LEDCs? (give 5 reasons)

A
  • reduced transport costs,
  • wider market,
  • avoidance of quotas and tariffs,
  • cheaper labour,
  • work ethic,
  • health and safety,
  • lack of unions,
  • less environmental control
73
Q

5 steps of TNC multiplier effect

A
  1. TNC set up factories
  2. Factory workers spend wages locally
  3. Local services have more trade
  4. Government recieves more tax
  5. Government invests in infrastructure
74
Q

6 steps of the TNC negative multiplier effect

A
  1. Deindustrialisation (TNCs move)
  2. Unemployment and lower incomes
  3. Local businesses close due to lack of customers
  4. Services close
  5. Lower house prices and deflation
  6. People leave the area

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