31 Christendom on Crusade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Flashcards
What was the conceptual framework of the 11th century Gregorian reformers that justified use of armed force?
They conceived of that there is no separation between secular and sacred in Christian society; it is a single whole, united under the spiritual authority of the pope.
What were the spiritual reasons why one would join the crusade?
1) Crusaders were granted ‘indulgences’, belief that Popes had the authority to to declare that anyone who joined a crusade would be released from punishment by God in afterlife for all sins that they had committed; thus the journey becomes an ultimate form of penance
2) Crusading was depicted as a means of taking up the cross and following Christ, making crusaders the contemporary counterparts to the confessors and martyrs of the Christian past
What was the political reason for the crusade?
seen as a campaign of liberation; free them from Muslim control and restore them to Christian rulers
Who led the “people’s crusade” that ended in tragedy?
Peter the Hermit
Who did the crusaders of the first crusade have to swear oaths of loyalty to?
Emperor Alexius Comenus of Constantinople
What were the 2 militarised monastic orders?
Hospitaller Knights of St. John and Templars
What were the concessions given to the Iberian crowns from Rome?
1) Iberian kings given authority over nominations for main ecclesiastical offices and demarcation of diocesan boundaries
2) granted control over the administration of church finances
Who was one of the early and important leaders of the second crusade, who was considered to have been one of the greatest preachers of Christian history?
Bernard of Clairvaux
Who were the 2 kings that were inspired by Bernard’s preaching to go on the 2nd crusade?
King Louis VII of France and Conrad III, emperor of Germany
Which Muslim commander took back Jerusalem?
Salah ad-Din
Which cities were attacked in the 4th crusade?
City of Zadar (Hungary), Constantinople
